Under what circumstances might short term interest rates lose their Essay

Under what conditions may momentary loan costs lose their power as an instrument of strategy control by focal bank..........FULL TITLE BELOW - Essay Example One such natural issue which weakens the adequacy of financing costs as a feasible fiscal approach instrument is a liquidity trap circumstance. Liquidity trap is a circumstance when the pace of intrigue falls too low to ever be utilized as a financial strategy apparatus. It is a circumstance when the ostensible pace of intrigue turns out to be so near zero with the goal that the genuine pace of intrigue could nearly be considered as immaterial. The lower the pace of premium is higher is the measure of total venture expected to be; however the issue in this occasion is that business banks don't have abundant assets to loan out to the financial specialists. Henceforth, there are little odds of any incitement in the total degree of venture thus of that of the total yield in the economy. For the most part, the requirement for bringing down the pace of intrigue emerges when the country being referred to is in a dire need of monetary incitement. In any case, if the ostensible pace of intrigue is as of now bound to zero and there is basically no room left for additional deterioration, the multiplicative effect of an expansionary fi scal approach goes futile (Rabin, 2004). The LM bend graph being delineated here shows that till the moment that the pace of intrigue waits above Rt, there are potential outcomes of the pace of enthusiasm being utilized as a successful expansionary money related strategy measure. Be that as it may, at Rt, when the state of the LM bend turns out to be practically flat, changes in total interest for cash from Ma to Mb and the other way around, has no mushrooming sway by any stretch of the imagination. Consequently, in such a circumstance, the animating intensity of pace of intrigue turns out to be right around zero. Obviously, the economy needs to depend upon different measures to fortify the money related condition in the economy and furthermore start a few stages to restore the restorative influence of the pace of premium. Thus, except if there is a fall in the pace of enthusiasm there are little odds of a gratefulness in the total yield level in the current time frame and

Chronicle Of Death Foretold, Marquez

Annal Of Death Foretold, Marquez In each general public, there exist authority figures that are viewed by their kin to give a fortification of security and initiative. A capable pioneer is one who holds enthusiasm for the government assistance of his kin before his own. He worries about safeguarding equity as opposed to his status and individual interests. Rather than these perfect are the position figures depicted in Gabriel Garcia Marquezs Chronicle of a Death Foretold and Albert Camus The Stranger. With social orders continually looking to power figures for direction, Marquez and Camus both use the artistic gadgets of parody and incongruity to portray habits in the activities of the pioneers and to scrutinize their antagonistic effect on the individuals. Inside the novel, Chronicle of Death Foretold, Marquez explicitly utilizes situational incongruity and parody of the lawful framework to depict the insufficient jobs of the societys pioneers. Marquez initiates his novel by outlining the townspeople participating in a careful groundwork for the yearly appearance of the diocesan. The whole town foresees for his appearance, with a bounty of presents blessings and creatures. Unexpectedly, be that as it may, the minister displays a lot of lack of care toward the individuals in this town. The creator shows the location of the gift as a momentary deception with the diocesan creation the indication of the cross noticeable all around inverse the group on the pier㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ doing it precisely [and] without malevolence or motivation. (Marquez, 17). It is evident the diocesan essentially experienced the necessary movements required to shape this physical demonstration, indicating negligible or if any-commitment. As the most noteworthy pione er of the congregation, many would concur that it is Bishops duty to maintain the natural estimations of his confidence lessons. Absolution, acknowledgment, and love are for the most part ordinarily acknowledged Christian qualities. In any case, ironicly the priests favoring totally negates such Christian beliefs. The ministers demeanor toward his own kin shows little acknowledgment or strict commitment. Through the creators depiction of this automatic activity, the cleric is depicted as an impartial and detached character. This exceptionally detached nature unmistakably uncovered his profound faã §ade. Like a kid surrendered by the guardians, this general public is left absent a lot of structure or direction. Without this principled direction, the general public will in the long run come to mirror its pioneer. In this manner, it isn't astounding how social detachment comes to be one of the essential divers behind the passing of Santiago Nasar. Besides, Marquez viably utilizes the utilization of parody on the legitimate framework to additionally evoke the imprudences of power figures. During the preliminary of Santiagos killers, the Vicario Twins, the storyteller relates, The legal counselor remained by the proposal of manslaughter in real guard of respect, which was maintained by the court in accordance with some basic honesty (48). Here, the lawful framework is unmistakably mocked as the two siblings are discovered blameless at their preliminary, notwithstanding submitting a flagitious homicide. Lawful specialists inside the official courtroom are viewed to lead preliminaries in a goal and objective way. Nonetheless, this isn't the situation with the preliminary. The courts perspective on reality has gotten polluted by the high qualities and worship that has been set upon custom and respect. Marquez scrutinizes how authority figures from the court puts more accentuation on protecting cultural qualities, for example, respect over guarding the conceivable bla melessness of a man. Thusly, individuals of the town come to affirm a wrongdoing, for example, murder on the off chance that it in is the name of respect since that is what is being approved in the official courtroom. Like the way Marquez uncovered the imprudence in the activities of the legitimate specialists, Camus portrayal in The Stranger likewise uncovered habits in the activities of the officer and judge as observed through the parody on religion and the utilization of verbal incongruity. In a specific occurrence during one of the meetings, the judge starts imparting to Meursault about his confidence in God. He at that point starts waving his cross straightforwardly over [Meursaults] head, (Camus, 68) with expectations of inducing a feeling of contrition in Meursault. In any case, when it is obvious that Meursault is as yet unaffected, the justice gets incensed and pushes the cross in [Meursaults] face and was shouting nonsensically (69). Through such a response, it is apparent how the sane faã §ade of the judge can without much of a stretch be broken simply like the profound faã §ade of the cleric in Chronicle of a Death Foretold. Similarly, similarly as how Marquez causes to notice the m inisters childishness, Camus likewise adequately offers route to the narrow minded nature of the officer. Rather than inquisitive Meursault about his intentions or explanations behind his wrongdoing like any apportion and honorable lawful authority ought to do, the judge endeavors to affirm his confidence onto others. However, even his goals to do so are imperfect, in light of the fact that simply like the religious administrator, the officer doesn't embody or show any evident Christian qualities. He employs the cross as a wellspring of intensity, anticipating that each criminal should sob at its sight as they have all done before. In doing as such, the officer uses the cross as an approach to console himself on reality of his convictions, not to bring others near the confidence. This sign of the officers narrow minded wants embodies how religion is parodied in Camus work. Through the activities of the officer, Camus shows how society abuses confidence as a guard to abstain from ass uming liability for their lives. Rather than utilizing strict confidence to discover internal harmony, the individuals in the general public are educated by power figures, similar to the officer, to utilize religion for personal circumstance. Later on in the novel, Camus utilizes verbal incongruity to pass on the indiscretions of one more legitimate power, the appointed authority. Directly before the beginning of Meursaults preliminary, he states, According to [the judge], he was there to lead in an unbiased way the procedures of a case which he would consider impartially and that the case will be taken care of in the soul of equity (86). The very truth that judge promised to been altogether unprejudiced is profoundly inconceivable, particularly with a case concerning a homicide. The habit to look at here is the way that everybody has their own partialities which, irrefutably incorporates the appointed authority. In The Stranger, it is evident with respect to how Meursaults mistrust in God and his lack of interest to the world profoundly upsets society. Society, in any case, can't deal with to have outsiders or pariahs who live by different standards. It requests compliance, and nothing less. At long last, Meursault is sentenced to a severe destiny not on account of the wrongdoing he submitted, however the way that he can't submit to such cultural desires. Meursaults destiny has just been resolved even before the preliminary starts. Nothing about his preliminary is seen, contended about, or decided in impartial articulation. Accordingly, his sentence won't spare him any equity either, accentuating the incongruity in the expressions of the appointed authority. Generally, the appointed authority is absent to control equity however to pulverize those outside of the acknowledged congruity. Camus utilizes this reality to scrutinize how society has the tendency to keep the assumed worth norms gave by higher specialists.

Presidential Inauguration on the Columbia Campus COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Presidential Inauguration on the Columbia Campus COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog A crowd of several thousand students, staff, and administrators gathered in the center of campus on Tuesday for the inauguration of Columbia College alumnus Barack Obama on a jumbo tron television screen.   President Bollinger welcomed the crowd prior to the event and extended an invitation to everyone in the audience to join he and his wife at their home following the event. The temperature was a cool but you would not have known it by the looks on the faces of those in the crowd.   There was definitely an air of excitement and it is an event I will never forget.   A slide show of the event is available on the ColumbiaNews Web site.

The Historical Context Of Nursing - 1832 Words

Nursing was not always seen as a profession, therefore it is important to explore what a profession is and its historical context related to nursing. Turkoski (1995) states that profession is a social construct that was determined by a male worldview; only men were allowed to have professions. Over time the concept of profession has moved beyond the gender divide and established a set of criteria that are non-gender specific. RNABC (as cited in Northrup et al, 2004) listed attributes that explained how nurses were a profession. These attributes are, responsibility and accountability to the public, have own body of knowledge, bound by a code ethics, provide a service to the public and is self-regulating. However, education is missing from the RNABC standards of professional development, according the Merriam-Websters dictionary (2015) a profession is, â€Å"a type of job that requires special education, training or skill and requires specialized knowledge.† Bluhm (2014) adds th at it is the specialized training that allows someone to be called a nurse. Ten Hoeve, Jansen and Roodbol (2014) agree that education and development of knowledge is the reason why nursing was raised to the professional status. It is this knowledge development that has helped shaped what nursing is today, and has allowed nurses to share a common worldview. Worldviews (paradigms) â€Å"frame global assumptions for vocabulary, theories and principles to direct the development of ideas for a domain† (Duff, 2011Show MoreRelatedHISTORICAL CONTEXT OF NURSING5706 Words   |  23 PagesHISTORICAL CONTEXT OF NURSING When exploring the pages of history, it becomes apparent that nursing has always existed—and has primarily functioned—within a framework of human caring. This legacy of human caring dates back to biblical times and has been integrated into every facet of nursing. This content will discuss an overview of the historical evolution of nursing and nurse leaders that have shaped its current status. PREHISTORIC PERIOD Nursing in the prehistoric period was delineatedRead MoreNursing in the Classroom1608 Words   |  6 Pagesmaterial on the history of nursing in the world, the Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing is uniquely situated to create research and scholarship that will position nursing history as central to debates about health policy and practice. The Center provides a broad array of educational opportunities across the School and University, nation and the world. Center faculty members are known for their mentorship and are highly sought after as history of nursing and health policy consultantsRead MoreSummary and Critique of The Timelessness of Nursing Theory1302 Words   |  5 PagesAnnotated Bibliography of Two Nursing Articles Summary and critique of The timelessness of nursing theory by Sandra Schmidt Bunkers. This article by Bunkers examines the ways in which nursing theory as articulated by Florence Nightingale and supported by Rosemarie Parses theoretical modeling can be understood as being timeless and to what extent it should be considered as rooted in a particular historical moment and cultural context. Bunkers draws on both her academic and professional expertiseRead MoreHistorical Timeline of Nursing Theorists Essay1136 Words   |  5 PagesRUNNING HEAD: Historical Development of Nursing Timeline 1 Historical Development of Nursing Timeline Jill Dawson, BSN, RN, IBCLC NUR/513 May 7, 2012 Kynthia James Historical Development of Nursing 2 The historical development of nursing has transformed over the years since the beginning writings of Florence Nightingale originating in 1859. Although she did not publish her work as nursing theory, Nightingale’s Notes on Nursing is presented as the first nursing theory andRead MoreApplying Anthropology to Nursing Essay1130 Words   |  5 PagesApplying Anthropology to Nursing Medical Anthropology is dedicated to the relationship between human behavior, social life, and health within an anthropological context. It provides a forum for inquiring into how knowledge, meaning, livelihood, power, and resource distribution are shaped and how, in turn, these observable facts go on to shape patterns of disease, experiences of health and illness, and the organization of treatments. It focuses on many different topics including the politicalRead MoreClinical Nursing Practice in the 21st Century Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pagestypically a short summary of the contents of the document.] | In a world where there is constant change, and individuals are constantly attempting to adapt and cope with these changes, the human experiences and responses to this process is central to nursing interest, (Meleis, 2012). Today’s global health problems in addition to the politically volatile health care system, and the rising cost of health care seem insurmountable. As nurses, is it our responsibility to address these issues that confrontRead MoreNursing Professional Identity Essay1693 Words   |  7 Pagesthe impact of historical development of nursing on contemporary representations of the nursing profession. It examines the professional identity of nursing and further discusses the contribution of modern nursing, social, cultural and political factors that influences the professional identity of a nurse. The essay also looks into the professional regulations and the role of the nurse’s and midwifery Council (NMC) in the protection of the public. Finally, this ess ay will discuss nursing education, theRead MoreThe Concepts And Strengths Of Maslow s Theory823 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough culturally competent care are described below (Masters, 2011): i) Care is a central focus and an integral part of nursing ii) Caring is essential for health and well-being, healing, growth, survival, and also for facing illness or death iii) Culturally based care is a broad holistic perspective to guide nursing care practices iv) The main purpose of the transcultural nursing is to serve human beings v) There can be no curing without the giving and receiving of culturally based care vi) CultureRead MoreCulturally Competant Care to Native American1113 Words   |  5 PagesProviding Culturally Competent Care to a Native American Patient Fundamentals amp; Medical Surgical Nursing April 13, 2012 Providing Culturally Competent Care to a Native American Patient Introduction When caring for a Native American patient, it is imperative that the nurse provide culturally competent care. In this scenario, there are two main dimensions along which cultural tensions between the patient and the nurse can arise. The first pertains to the actual practices and valuesRead MoreThe Historical Development of Nursing1308 Words   |  6 PagesThe Historical Development of Nursing Timeline University of Phoenix Theoretical Foundations of Practice NUR/513 Alexandra Winter December 7, 2013 The Historical Development of Nursing Timeline The nursing profession continues to develop and transform in practice and roles mostly due to the development of nursing models and theories that promote evidence based practice. Nursing remains a profession of caring and service. The pioneers of this profession revolutionized this career and have

The Road By Cormac Mccarthy - 896 Words

In Cormac McCarthy’s novel The Road, it is very important to both the man and the boy to distinguish between good and bad people. In this post-apocalyptic world, it is very difficult to survive while continuing to remain a good person. The importance of the separation of good and bad people is shown through a possible theme, the conflict between good and evil. It’s also shown through and example of symbolism, the fire that the boy says they must continue to carry. Finally, dark imagery shows that it is difficult for the man and the boy to remain the good guys. With these three literary elements, McCarthy shows that it is important to the man and the boy to keep a distinction between good and bad people so that they can keep hope in their world. Throughout The Road, it is very important to both the man and to the boy to distinguish between good and bad people. This idea is supported by one of the main themes of the novel, the conflict between good and evil. Throughout the book, the boy is looking for confirmation that himself and his father are the â€Å"good guys†. The boy is also looking to confirm that the bad guys are those who are out to hurt them. The boy is intent on knowing this, as the division between the good and the bad people in this post-apocalyptic world is not always clear. For instance, near the beginning of the novel, the man and the boy encounter a group of people on the road. Worried about the boy’s safety, the man shoots one man who found them in the forest.Show MoreRelatedThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy1531 Words   |  7 Pagesof punishment that anyone could be faced with. Cormac McCarthy shows the reaction isolation had on the characters in The Road. The Road, by Cormac McCarthy, follows an unnamed father and son as they travel towards the coast in search of safety after the world has been destroyed by a catastrophe. As they travel the road, the father has to protect his son from the threat of strangers, starvation, exposure and harsh weather. In The Road, Cormac McCarthy shows how humans react to isolation by when theRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy1009 Words   |  5 PagesL’Heureux II, John Lang and Lit Year 2 2/10/2017 Written Task 2 Title of the text for analysis: The Road by Cormac McCarthy,2006 Part of the course to which the task refers: Part 4- Literature, a critical study Prescribed question: How does the text conform to, or deviate from, the conventions of a particular genre, and for what purpose? My critical response will: ââ€"  Show how the text conforms to the post-apocalyptic genre. ââ€"  Show how resources, including basics such as food and water, are a scarcityRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy1584 Words   |  7 Pagestime can be unbearable if one is stripped of the most basic necessities. Such an event can greatly affect the behaviour of a person, as well as the ability to distinguish right from wrong. But like the boy and his father in the novel The Road by Cormac McCarthy they stuck to their morals to overcome the hardships they face. The novels recurring themes such as companionship, survival, and good versus evil, prove that a persons moral standards could change in a time of need. Companionship plays anRead MoreThe Road by Cormac McCarthy1708 Words   |  7 PagesThe Road by Cormac McCarthy is set in an apocalyptic world filled with hopelessness, mental fatigue, and few instances of happiness. Throughout the story, the man and the boy are looking for hope in anything and everything. Unfortunately every turn they take they continue to fall further into despair until they find a Coca-Cola. This soda has a unique meaning to the boy and the man. The Coca-Cola in Cormac McCarthy’s The Road symbolizes the world’s regression and gives hope to the man and boy byRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy2405 Words   |  10 PagesNovember 26, 2016 The Road by Cormac McCarthy and its View of Parental Love and Hope in a Post-Apocalyptic World The boy s father tells him My job is to take care of you. I was appointed to do that by God. I will kill anyone who touches you. Do you understand? (McCarthy The Road) this sends such a powerful message about instinct, hope, and paternal love. These words so passionately from the lips of the father perfectly describes Cormac McCarthy s story of The Road and the power a father sRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy968 Words   |  4 Pagescompassion in the toughest of situations, and leads us toward paths of peace. In this essay, examples will be drawn from Zak Ibrahim s keynote presentation, The Road by Cormac McCarthy, Beautiful Boy; a film directed by Shawn Ku, and Harrison Bergeron by Kurt Vonnegut. The loss of a loved one can help us find compassion. In The Road by Cormac McCarthy, the boy is the most compassionate person in the whole novel. At the end of the novel, when the boy s father dies, the boy is not thinking about hisselfRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy1310 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å" The Road† written by Cormac McCarthy is a novel which uses a large variety of different language features to shape the reader s reaction and leading the readers into thinking the idea that our current world really is fallible.â€Å"The road† is about a strong loving relationship between the father and son. Which is shown on every page of the novel. They are fighting for survival in this apocalyptic world of humanity which is heading to an end. For anyone realising that our world is fallible is quiteRead MoreThe Road by Cormac McCarthy1281 Words   |  5 PagesTitle of the Work: The Road Author: Cormac McCarthy Date of Publication: September 26, 2006 (September 26, 2006) Genre: Novel Historical information about the Setting: The novel takes place in the Southeastern part of United States. The characters take a journey, passing Texas, the post-apocalyptic landscape. During this time the novel is taken place, the country was experiencing depression and poverty. When McCarthy was writing this book, he was thinking about the future environment ofRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy2062 Words   |  9 PagesReid Norberg Period 3 3/18/16 2016 AP Lodestar 1. Title: The Road Author: Cormac McCarthy Date of Publication: 2006 Genre: Post- apocalyptic fiction 2. The Road is a novel written by American author Cormac McCarthy. Although born in the North East, McCarthy was driven to the South West later in his life where he has since based most of his novels, including The Road. The Road tells a story of a man and his son in post apocalyptic America where the weather is winter-like and the ground isRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy1205 Words   |  5 PagesThe Road by Cormac McCarthy a recurring theme in the story is gaining or losing hope. Throughout this story there are numerous instances and events that occur in which all seems lost at a dead end, but in those moment hope carries through and thrives. In this dystopian post apocalyptic world the man and boy are fighting to stay alive while keeping their humanity as well as searching for what humanity is left in this kill or be killed cannibalistic planet. As their time journeying down the road increases

My Bedroom Free Essays

Homework, music, and tranquility are three things that come to my mind whenever I think of my bedroom. It’s a special place that’s important to me and holds many memories, even though other people may not see it that way. This is a place where I spend most of my day to relax and forget about the problems of everyday life. We will write a custom essay sample on My Bedroom or any similar topic only for you Order Now My bedroom is like a sanctuary to me because it’s quiet and peaceful like a walk through misty woods in the early morning hours. It’s somewhere I look forward to going when the â€Å"ordinary day at school† is done. The first thing I see when I walk into my bedroom is my clothes dresser. It’s a cherry wood color, and is furnished with a stereo, small ceramic statues, a small white lamp, and a 3-dimensional wood carving of my first name. These items hold some level of significance to me in that they were given to me by people I care about. The next thing I notice is the two display shelves that are positioned directly above my dresser and are of the same cherry wood tone. These hold the memories of friends and loved ones in the form of pictures, seashells, and small trinkets. On the right and left sides of these two shelves hang two pictures: one of my family during the Christmas of 2009, and the other of three angels flying carelessly through Heaven’s beachside paradise. Another item that stands amongst everything else in my bedroom is my bulletin board. Here, important events and notes are kept within reach whenever they may be needed for future reference. How to cite My Bedroom, Papers

Commonwealth vs Amann Pty Ltd †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Commonwealth vs Amann Pty Ltd. Answer: Introduction: Amann Aviation Pvt. Ltd. was a company which signed a contract with the Commonwealth of Australia for the purpose of providing in-flight coastal surveillance for the next three years. It was mentioned in the contract that if the company will fail to perform as desired and in compliance with the conditions mentioned in the contract, the Commonwealth will have the power to provide a notice to the Amann Aviation to explain the reason behind its failure and to provide a reason to the Commonwealth and Management not to cancel the contract with the aviation company. In order to fulfill the contract, Amann aviation did a lot of expenditure and purchased aircraft also for this purpose(Swarb, 2015). Despite giving a good start to the work under contract, Amann aviation did not have sufficient number of aircrafts in order to fulfill the contract. When the time to fulfill the contract and to initiate the performance came, it was analyzed that Amann aviation was not in a condition to fulfill obligations relevant to the contract because of certain deficiencies in the aircraft. Due to this reason, the Commonwealth served a notice to the company to show cause behind its non-compliance with the contract. The allegation of Amann aviation was that the show-cause notice served by the Commonwealth was the denial of the contract and on this basis, Amann aviation terminated the contract with the commonwealth. The company sued Commonwealth for wrongful termination of the contract and required damages caused due to breach of contract done by Commonwealth with the company as Amann aviation had done a lot of expenditure in preparing aircraft for the fulfillment of the contract. Thus, for the purpose of legal issues, Amann aviation was the Plaintiff and Commonwealth was the Defendant(AustLII, 1991). Issues and Relevant law The courts are required to follow certain rules and regulations while awarding for the purpose of damages. In case of awarding damages for the purpose of a breach, which is also known as un-liquidated damages, the court considers various aspects. One of which is Compensation principle according to which, the court has to compensate the aggrieved party in such a manner so as to put it in the same position as it would be in the situation when no breach had occurred. For this purpose, there are three ways which are followed by the court i.e. expectation damages, reliance damages and loss of damages. In providing expectation damages, the court considers the benefit which has been received by the aggrieved party in case of fulfillment of the contract(Waugh, 2017). Thus, the compensation awarded in this case is the total sum which would have been received by the aggrieved party for which the contract was made. In case of considering reliance damages to be paid, the court assesses the damages on the basis of the costs suffered by the aggrieved party because an assessment of actual loss to the aggrieved party is impossible. In this condition, a court considers 'Loss of chance' as a form of compensation through which worthiness of the chance if provided to the aggrieved party to fulfill the contract is evaluated. It can also be done even in the conditions if the chance provided was based on the contingent conditions and are difficult to be assessed(Legal vision, 2015). It becomes the duty of the court in such a case to compensate the aggrieved party for the loss at least up to the extent that it has suffered in the preparation of the contract. Damages for the purpose of loss of chance is awarded when a contract is breached due to which the aggrieved party might have lost a beneficial opportunity. In this situation, the plaintiff is compensated for the purpose of losing an opportunity to achieve benefits which have monetary value and the assessment of the damages is also not possible. If the opportunity was based on contingent conditions management, then also, the plaintiff should be compensated for the damages incurred due to lost opportunities(Australian Contract Law, 2013). Arguments of the Parties and Analysis Amann aviation had appealed to the Full Court of the Federal Court that the company was entitled to receive higher compensation than that was awarded by the Federal Court and should not be provided only with one- half of the costs of damages caused due to wasted expenditure. On the other hand Commonwealth cross-appealed on the basis that judgment should be in its favor and if it is not possible, the compensation awarded to the company should be nominal only(Richardson Hadfield, 1999). It was stated that in a situation, where the aggrieved party has done a lot of expenditure for the purpose of fulfillment of the contract or for accomplishment of the desired performance, however, it is impossible to assess the value of the benefits which would have been received by the aggrieved party on the accomplishment of the performance by the defendant in accordance with the contract, it can be taken into the consideration of the justice that the aggrieved party should rely on an assumption that the worth of benefits received by the aggrieved party should at least be equal to the total loss which has been suffered by the aggrieved party or plaintiff in performing and taking the most possible actions which would have been practically essential for the procurement and performance of the contract(Winterton, 2017). The assumption of the damages to be compensated enables the recovery by the plaintiff which is in general, known as 'reliance damages', i.e. the damages equal to the lo ss of expenditure which has been rationally acquired on the basis of the assumption that the contractual assurance of the defendant would be honored. The presumption will be disproved if it is established that the plaintiff would not have derived any kind of financial benefits or other benefits through the performance of contract or any kind of financial or other kinds of benefits through future performances and would not have been sufficiently in value to compensate the expenditure done by the plaintiff. Moreover, even in a situation, in which it is established that the plaintiff would have acquired a loss, if the contract had been performed completely, reliance damages can be recovered with respect to the wasted expenditure to such an extent that the net expenditure incurred in past goes beyond the actual loss given, that to such an extent, the expenditure would have been recovered if the breach of contract had not taken place(Kuklik, 2016). The foundation of an award considering reliance damages is essential as a reaction to the denial or breach of contract, specifically to bring the plaintiff in the same situation with regard to the damages as if the denial or breach had not occurred within the contract. In the case of Commonwealth of Australia v Amann Aviation Pvt. Ltd (1991), Judges Chief Justice Mason CJ and Judge Dawson explained that the award of damages for the breach of contract defends the expectations of the plaintiff in case of receiving the benefits through the performance of the defendant and that expectation arises out and is created by the contract. Therefore, damages for the purpose of breach of contract are known as 'expectation damages'. Generally, during the regular business transactions, a party which supplies certain goods or services enters into a contract in order to gain profits(Mitchell Voon, 2000). Thus, expectation damages Management are usually expressed as the damages caused due to loss of profits. Judges pointed out that if the performance of a contract would have resulted in favor of the Plaintiff, while it does not provide profit, even then the recovering costs incurred due to the actions taken in the course of performing contractual obligations, the P laintiff would be entitled to recuperate the damages in a similar manner and up to the amount equal to the profits that would have been gained if the contract had been performed in a usual manner. In the conditions, in which it is not possible for the Plaintiff or the aggrieved party to exhibit that to what extent had the performance of the contract would have provided the profit to the Plaintiff, it will depend upon the Plaintiff to recover the expenditure incurred and the damages in such a case are known as reliance damages or damages caused due to the expenditure which was of no use after the breach of contract(Finnane, 2013). In this case, the respondents had signed a contract with the defendants i.e. Commonwealth to provide them with the air surveillance for three years. The Commonwealth wrongfully rebutted the contract for which Amann aviation sued it to compensate for the damages. Amann aviation was permissible to recover the damages which were assessed by mentioning its expenditure which was done on the project and later on wasted i.e. also known as reliance loss. However, it was analyzed that there was an opportunity with the Commonwealth to cancel the contract on the basis of available resources with the Amann aviation prior to the initiation of the preparation but the contract was rebutted long after the preparation started. The trial judges assessed the opportunity of the occurrence to be as 50% and reduced the amount of the compensation to be granted to Amman in accordance with the damages incurred by the company. However, the decision of the majority judges of the Full Court of the Federal Court concluded that there was only a 20% chance of cancellation of the contract as a result of which, Amann aviation should receive 80% of the compensation for the damages caused to waste of the expenditure done by the company for the fulfillment of the contract. The decision of the Full Court was confirmed on appeal to the High Court as well. Conclusion The decision of the judges was that reliance damages are a rough calculation of the expectation benefits. Reliance damages were considered by the court in this case because appropriate expected benefit was impossible to be assessed in this case. However, the trial judge had given a decision in favor of Amann aviation but the compensation assigned was fairly low due to which Amann appealed to the higher courts. Judge Beaumont of Federal Court delivered judgment in favor of Amann aviation and ordered the Commonwealth to pay one- half of the costs incurred by the company as the actual damage assessed by the court was $410,000. The judgment of the Full Court was also in favor of the Amann aviation and ordered the Commonwealth to pay the company a sum of $600,207 and to pay 90% of the costs incurred by Amann aviation of the proceedings in the trial court. It was affirmed by the court that in the case where a plaintiff has laid himself open to the expenditure either for fulfilling the contract or to accomplish its performance, however, it has become impossible or complicated to establish the assessment of benefits which has been received by the plaintiff would in case of performance of contract with the defendant, considerations regarding the justice state that the plaintiff might presume the value of those benefits should at least be equal to the total loss which has been or would have been incurred by the plaintiff in performing the duties which were reasonably essential for the purpose of acquiring and performing the contract. It can be explained in a manner that it is secured to presume that the expected benefit should at least cover all the expenses incurred by the aggrieved party in the preparations to fulfill the requirements of the contract. Therefore, at last, the decision was in favor of Amann aviation and the company was awarded the compensation of much higher amount as desired by the company. The appeal by the Commonwealth against the decision and the amount charged upon was dismissed. The decision of the court was on the basis of reliance damages because it was impossible to quantify a number of benefits which would have been achieved by Amman if the contract would have been continued in its original form. References AustLII, 1991. Commonwealth v Amann Aviation Pty Ltd [1991] HCA 54; (1992) 174 CLR 64 (12 December 1991). [Online] Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/cases/cth/HCA/1991/54.html?stem=0synonyms=0query=title(commonwealth%20and%20amann%20aviation%20) [Accessed 26 April 2017]. Australian Contract Law, 2013. Commonwealth v Amann Pty Ltd. [Online] Available at: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases/amann.html [Accessed 26 April 2017]. Finnane, E., 2013. Remedies, s.l.: Young Lawyers NSW. Kuklik, A., 2016. LAW OF CONTRACT. [Online] Available at: https://sydney.edu.au/lec/subjects/contracts/Winter%202016/LEC%20-%202016%20-%20Contract%20-%20Lecture%2011.pdf [Accessed 26 April 2017]. Legal vision, 2015. How do I calculate damages for breach of contract?. [Online] Available at: https://legalvision.com.au/how-do-i-calculate-damages-for-breach-of-contract/ [Accessed 26 August 2017]. Mitchell, A. D. Voon, T., 2000. Legal Research Manual. s.l.:LBC Information Services. Richardson, M. Hadfield, G. K., 1999. The Second Wave of Law and Economics. s.l.:Federation Press. Swarb, 2015. Commonwealth Of Australia V Amann Aviation Pty Ltd; HCA 12 DEC 1991. [Online] Available at: https://swarb.co.uk/commonwealth-of-australia-v-amann-aviation-pty-ltd-hca-12-dec-1991/ [Accessed 26 April 2017]. Waugh, G., 2017. Damages for Breach of Contract. [Online] Available at: https://dy1k0r3mpgvj5.cloudfront.net/files/COL/09166%20Damages%20-%20Waugh.pdf [Accessed 26 April 2017]. Winterton, D., 2017. Twenty five years on: re-examining Commonwealth v Amann Aviation Pty Ltd and the problem of pre-contractual expenditure. [Online] Available at: https://www.contracts.law.unsw.edu.au/node/76 [Accessed 26 April 2017].

Hounds of Baskerville - Main Events free essay sample

Sir Charles Baskerville is found dead in the alley near his home, Baskerville Hall. Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John Watson are asked by a family friend to investigate furthur. * Sir Henry, the new heir to the family inheritance, arrives from Canada to move into Baskerville Hall. However, strange things start happening. He receives a letter telling him to keep away from the moor and two of his boots go missing (a new black one, and an old brown one). They also discover that a mysterious bearded man has been following them in a cab. Watson is asked to travel with Sir Henry to Baskerville Hall for protection. as Holmes cannot accompany him himself at the moment. * Watson meets the Barrymores and Mr. Stapleton near the Grimpen Mire, and learns about a dangerous prisoner (Seldon) that has escaped from Princetown and is currently hiding in the area. Miss Stapleton, Mr. Stapleton’s sister, mistakens Watson for Sir Henry and warns him to go back to London. We will write a custom essay sample on Hounds of Baskerville Main Events or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page * Sir Henry falls in love with Miss Stapleton and proposes marriage. Her brother reacts furiously and rudely. Watson later discovers that Miss Stapleton is actually Mr. Stapleton’s wife! * Watson finds out that the escaped criminal is Mrs Barrymore’s brother. * Barrymore reveals that on the night of his death, Sir Charles was going to meet Laura Lyons, in order to help her start a buisness. Laura Lyon explains that she never got to meet Sir Charles. * Watson inspects the huts around the moor and runs into Holmes, who has been investigating undercover. The two of them find Selden’s dead body, dressed in Sir Henry’s clothes. * While dining, Holmes observes that the face/painting of Sir Hugo Baskerville is extremely similar to the face of someone else. Realizing the cuplrit behind all this mayhem, Holmes comes up with a plan. * The group waits outside of the culprit’s home. Sir Henry (unknowingly dining with the culprit) is attacked by a huge hound. Luckily, the hound is shot down, but the culprit is no where to be seen. They look for him the next day, unsuccessfully, as they find him dead.

Media Culture Sign Symbol essays

Media Culture Sign Symbol essays A sign system is representation through communication which in turn leads to a shared meaning or understanding. We hold mental representations that classify and organise the world (whether fact or fiction), people, objects and events into meaningful categories so that we can meaningfully comprehend the world. The media use sign systems through newspapers, magazines, television,internet, and the radio etc. The conceptual map of meaning and language are the basis of representation. The conceptual map of meaning, are concepts organised, arranged and classified into complex relations to one another. The conceptual map of meaning although allows you to distinguish your own individual interpretation of the world, at the same time as holding similar views to that of other people in your culture. As the meaning is produced and constructed and in turn learned by a particular group of people. Therefore sharing conventions and codes of their language and culture. Signs can only convey meaning if we possess codes which allow us to translate our concepts into language. These codes are the result of social conventions which lead to the shared maps of meaning. These shared meanings are learnt unconsciously as we become members of a culture.If we have a concept of something in our minds we can say we know the meaning of this concept. However we cannot express or communicate this meaning without the second system of representation, language. Language is the only way in which meanings can be effectively exchanged between people, as people within the same culture are able to interpret the sign of language in the same manner. As the meanings become natural through the conditioning of culture. For example the word white in Australia represents a colour of purity, however in China it is the colour of death. Demonstrating that different cultures have not only have different meanings in their shared conceptual maps, but a different language to express i...

Optional subject ( apple is recommended ) Assignment

Optional subject ( apple is recommended ) - Assignment Example I will also take reference from Lance Whitney and Josh Lowensohn’s articles that would put light on the tactics used by Apple. Apple has emerged as a renowned and very popular company in the recent past due to its innovative and high quality products. Apple has always tried to come up with customer’s expectations with it continually improving products. It has always looked to bring innovation that has helped the company to compete with other brands. The organizational structure of the company is designed in such a way that it promotes competition and encourages employees to present new ideas. I think it was a very clever move by Apple to adopt innovative strategy with appealing applications as its competitors were not bringing much innovation in their products. Introduction of iphone was an example of such innovation, which had brought a revolution in the technological world. iphone helped Apple to register revenues of $65,225 million, increasing by 52% in fiscal year 2010. The company also adopted a strategy to market its product worldwide and not restricting it to a particular place, which helped the company to gain significant market share. Research and development is also a very important aspect for the company. Apple lays strong focus on research and development in the company and always come up with new ideas and suggestion that help the company to develop new products. When the company was entering into the Chinese market, initially it did not get a good response, but extensive research helped the company to make few changes in the product. These changes made it easy for Apple to introduce its product in China, which became a great success. The focus on research and development helps the company to compete with its competitor very efficiently. Initially, when Apple introduced its smart phones in the market, it was a totally new concept, so it decided to charge higher prices due to the advanced features of its

Android and Apple Comparison Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Android and Apple Comparison - Research Paper Example iOS came in the first version of iPhone in 2007 and since then, it has been one of the most illustrious mobile firmware till date. Steve Jobs was the man behind the creation of Apple Inc. and its respective software’s. There are more than 400 million iOS enabled devices all around the world. Apple holds second position in terms of market share of Smart phones industry (Lee 31). Android initially started its development in 2003 and the theme was to produce spectacular mobile phone software. Google took over Android in 2005 and sustained the initiators of Android group to stay attached with the company. Android was launched in the mobile phone device for general public in 2008. It has achieved significant milestones in the past four years. Android enjoys of having the largest Smartphone’s market share. Android has given software licenses to many technological firms. There are more than 500 million android users all over the world (Lee 38). Apple Inc. has notorious name in the mobile phone industry. Company holds the prestige of launching first capacitive touch screen phone with one of the most advanced mobile operating software. Apple’s iOS is only used in its gadgets that are, iPhone, iPod, iPad and Apple TV. The company produced iOS firmware 1.0 originally and currently iOS firmware 6.1 is present in the market. Apple has been attracting software developers through its interesting interface. iOS was the pioneer in launching interactive applications and games for mobile phones which was later on followed by many companies. iOS interface is user friendly which enables its user to customize options. Applications and games purchasing mechanism was also introduced by Apple Inc. by deploying Apple Store in its software. Customers have the option to purchase applications and games online through Apple account (Rogers and Mark 112). The unique feature which distinguishes Apple from other mobile phone

Discuss With Reference To Edwin Chadwick History Essay

Discuss With Reference To Edwin Chadwick History Essay Dependent upon which historical field of study one has worked within, the image of Edwin Chadwick has, in past historiography, been somewhat polarized. Within the context of the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act, we are given an insight into the evil Edwin, the villain of poor-relief. His part in the creation of a deterrent system that focused upon indoor relief within the dreaded workhouse as its focus, made him unpopular contemporaneously, and historically. However, on the flipside of this coin, as one might expect, is an image of a man of morality. This Chadwick, unlike his earlier guise, has been heralded by historians as one the great figures and proponents of public health. His Sanitary Report (1842) was and is, seen as the pioneering piece of reformist literature that ignited the flame of public health in England.  [2]   Here I have shown the two sides of Edwin Chadwick. These two seemingly separate entities have been analysed by historians.  [3]  Yet, it seems that until recently, Chadwick within the public health context has avoided the scrutiny that the earlier poor law associated Chadwick has suffered. This can be attributed to a great degree to the early historiographical appreciation (or rather a lack thereof) of the new poor law. This image of the cruelty and amorality of the Amendment Act and the negative appraisal of the poor law post-1834 began with Beatrice and Sidney Webb. Their famous, and numerous, volumes on English local government have largely been discredited by current historians as somewhat ahistorical. It is sometimes far too easy to place upon a contemporaneous historical context modern attitudes and ideals. Early historical attitudes surrounding the new poor law suffered from this contemporary grafting. In the same vein, the historiography of public health in relation to Chadwick can be viewed as teleological. If not teleological, then it certainly suffered from a lack of questioning of Chadwicks public health ideals, especially those expounded in his Sanitary Report. The limitations of this historiography are being remedied by a current crop of historians, including Christopher Hamlin, Mary Poovey, and slightly earlier by Anthony Brundage.  [4]  The veneer of the Sanitary Report is being wiped away to expose the complexity of Chadwicks intentions hidden within the grain. Historians such as Hamlin have emphasised the political nature of Chadwicks Report. This new appraisal of the Chadwick of public health has narrowed the gap between the Chadwick of the poor law. There is only one Chadwick. This essay will hopefully disprove this duality of Chadwick, and emphasise the similarities between Chadwicks attitudes within a poor law context and those within the Sanitary Report. There a re politically charged threads that link his work within the Royal Commission for the poor law, between 1832 and 1834, to that of his 1842 Sanitary Report. Both the poor law and sanitation were components of Chadwicks wider reformist vision not only for England, but for Great Britain.  [5]  Chadwicks national picture of social organisation and improvement through centralised governing bodies, self-supervision, surveillance and discipline was based upon the assemblage of a mass of evidence and information. Centralisation, discipline, and statistics are the key threads to understanding Chadwick the politician, if he was such at all. Integral to an understanding of Chadwicks political persuasion is the influence of Jeremy Bentham and his Utilitarian principles.  [6]  This is a thread that shall run through and alongside the other threads; it is certainly a significant aspect of the politics of Chadwick. Some historians suggest that Chadwick was a product of Benthamite principles.  [7]   Therefore, a study of Chadwick without the inclusion of Jeremy Bentham would be a considerably diminished understanding of Chadwicks politics. The themes of Utilitarianism run throughout the work of Chadwick. His ideas on the makeup of the English or even British state are based largely upon the teachings of Bentham.  [8]  The Poor Law Commission within Chadwicks conception of administrative bodies was along very similar lines to that of Benthams Indigence Relief Minister. Furthermore, the later General Board of Health for which Chadwick can be attributed, was similar in many ways to the Minister of Health posited by Bentham. It is certainly clear that Benthams principles had a significant impact on Chadwicks ideas of central organization and administration.  [9]  Historians such as John Roach and Anthony Brundage have attributed this shaping of Chadwicks mind to Benthams Constitutional Code. This period of Chadwicks life, when living with Bentham, and helping him draft the C onstitutional Code, is posited as one of the most significant and influential periods in moulding his political, social and structural outlook. Yet, as Helen Benyon has suggested, after Benthams death, his pupil can be seen to depart somewhat from his code.  [10]  This divergence can be seen throughout Chadwicks career. For example, Bentham considered a royal commission to be an instrument of monarchical tyranny.  [11]  Yet as is well documented, Chadwick was heavily involved in such commissions, including his part in the Royal Commission on the poor law, for which he played a significant role. He even headed the Royal Commission on factories, and played an encouraging role in the commission that resulted in the passing of the Public Health Act in 1848. This divergence is not necessarily negative. In many respects, a royal commission was a fashionable tool of the Victorian period which engendered reform. Therefore, we can see Chadwick as merely using the political avenues th at existed to promulgate his own reformist ideals. In addition, much of what Chadwick created out of these commissions, in administrative and organizational terms was relatively utilitarian. This theme of centralisation and will be detailed in the proceeding section. One sticking point can be seen in Chadwicks opposition to universal political enfranchisement, something which Bentham certainly advocated towards the viability of democracy. This shift from Benthamism is certainly significant for later analysis of Chadwicks conception of social organisation within his Sanitary Report. This should not detract from the far-reaching effect that Benthams ideology had upon the later work of Chadwick. He was not a complete product of Bentham, his own past and ideological makeup mixed and fused with the latent Benthamite principles, the most significant of which can be seen in Chadwicks wholly national picture of reform and improvement towards intervention, and inspection through centralisation. Following this train of thought, we move into a key area of Chadwicks ideology. Centralisation was a significant aspect of the Chadwick model of organisation. It has its origins in Benthamism; of a considerably national and uniform system of institutional organisation.  [12]  An important factor in this is the Whig government from the 1832 Parliamentary Reform Act throughout the 1830s. As Brundage has suggested this Whig government presided over the most extraordinary periods of government growth in British history.  [13]  Reforms in areas such as the factories, the poor laws, education and police, all involved the growth of central government. There is a definite Benthamite flavour to this reformism. And this influence could be seen not only in the figure of Chadwick, but in moderate positions of power. Yet Chadwick is, for the purposes of this essay the most significant individual. His centralising vision is certainly along utilitarian lines. This was Bourne out of an abstr act and conceptual definition of paternalism which could be grafted onto his model of centralised government. However, the Whig governments idea of paternalism was along the more traditional lines of maintenance of the dominance of local government. The Whigs were open to government growth, yet only to uphold and strengthen this traditional paternal hierarchy.  [14]  In this respect one can see Chadwicks visions of central organisation as perhaps being moulded by his contemporaneous reality. England was more an agglomeration of counties, parishes, and common law courts than a state.  [15]  For his centralised vision to be accepted, he would have to make concessions. The structure of organisation and administration for which he provided for the poor law is a prime example of such a concession. He created the central body of the Poor Law Commission, the inspectorial and supervisorial enforcer of uniform relief, whilst keeping the local organs. However, these local unions presi ded over much larger geographical districts than under the old poor law, amalgamating several parishes together. Along with this example under the poor law, the earlier Factory Act, or Althorps Act passed in 1833 is probably a more significant indicator of the central interference of Chadwick. It was the first piece of legislation in Britain based on a major inquiry by experts entailing inference by the central government, supervised by agents of central government.  [16]  This centralised and uniform state driven ideology can even be identified within Chadwicks Sanitary Report. His vision of a national network of pipes, pumping fresh water into the homes and flushing out waste gives a very vivid image of state uniformity.  [17]  Furthermore, for the enactment of such a large scale task, he emphasises the need for a centrally organised system of expertise and authority. In 1848 the General Board of Health was set up. One can identify within Chadwicks work an overarching refo rmist vision. Within both the poor law (for which Chadwick has been negatively appraised) and the creation of public health (for which he is the patron saint) one can identify a continuity of his administrative vision of centralised institutions based upon authority, supervision and uniformity. In this respect, the gap between the Chadwick of the poor law and the Chadwick of public health converge to create Chadwick the reformist; a man with a national vision of improvement and Benthamite tendencies. Here a brief example of the importance of Benthams influence upon Chadwicks ideology might shed some light on Chadwicks policies. Anthony Brundage suggests that Benthams Panopticon plan is a physical representation of the concept of the tutelary State which Chadwick championed during the 1830s and 1840s. It resembled the Panopticon in its thoroughness, tidiness, and also its intrusiveness.  [18]  This design was intended for use in prisons or even workhouses, as an optimized system of surveillance. Yet here it brings to life, if only in image form, the importance of uniformity, and central authority in Chadwicks vision of the state. An important fact was that from the viewing tower all cells could be viewed, yet from the cells the central tower was not visible. This is an interesting aspect to consider in the context of Chadwicks vision, especially that of social improvement. Another significant thread of Chadwicks social vision is its disciplinary thrust. Both during his time within the poor law and public health domains there can be seen a subversive attempt by Chadwick to create an improved social body. The most troublesome of which was the labouring class. To understand the political nature of Chadwicks work, one needs to place it in its historical context. The most significant context is that of the Chartist movement. Emerging in the early 1830s and then re-emerging in the late 1840s, they were perceived as a very real threat to the Whig government of the time. The Chartist movement emerged out of the London Working Mens Association set up in 1836 by William Lovett. He later produced the Peoples Charter with Frances Place. They called for universal male suffrage. For the Whig government there was a very real fear that revolution could occur at any moment.  [19]  France was not so far away, and their recent history still lived fresh in the memory. There were several bouts of protests and marches by the Chartists, especially within urban areas. Some of which ended in violence, and the deaths of several Chartists. The Chartists movement was a rally point of sorts for the poor and disenfranchised labour population. Within this context one can understand the political nature of Chadwicks Sanitary Report in particular through his mouldin g of public health which incorporated a social preponderance. In addition to this context is that of the earlier disappointment at the inadequacies of the 1832 Parliamentary Reform propounded by Charles Greys Whig government. Along with this was the creation of the new poor law in 1834; the poor harvests during 1836 and 1837.  [20]  This context set the scene in which Chadwicks social and disciplinary ideas can be situated. Mary Poovey identifies Chadwicks attempt, through sanitary reform, to organise and control the labouring classes.  [21]  I use control here in the loosest sense of the word. Perhaps, as used earlier, discipline may be a more apt term. Chadwick, within the Sanitary Report, narrows public health to sanitation. Here one can identify Chadwicks divergence from the alternative attitudes towards public health such as existed in France, or even those attitudes of his British contemporaries, mainly within the medical sphere. He follows an environmental cause of disease through filth theory. This however, does not only constitute the physical illness, but Chadwick also incorporates psychological and social disease as being caused by this accumulation of filth.  [22]   His main focus is upon the labouring or working class, especially those within slums and residences of particular depravity. In a sanitary context these areas were identified by Chadwick as areas with the highest mortality rates. The other focal point is that of the importance of domesticity, and the cleanliness of the labourers domestic sphere not only towards the prevention of disease but also towards his social improvement.  [23]  Using rather selective evidence, (an issue that will be further elaborated upon in a later section), Chadwick identifies place and class as the most significant determinants in the causation of disease. In this way he proved that the most important factor in the spread of disease was not only material filth, but where you lived.  [24]  Chadwick discounted completely the workplace. With the aforementioned political (Chartist) context in mind, one can identify the disciplinary thrust to Chadwicks Sanitary Report. The politicisation of the labouring classes was to both Chadwick and the Whig government a significant concern. Within the Sanitary Report Chadwick discourages those same labouring men from homo-social activity within any sphere, but particularly that of the public house. Chadwick links the frequenting of such places of vice as a product of the depraved condition of the domestic sphere which was its self a consequence of filth and disease.  [25]  As aforementioned, many middle-class commentators were concerned with the working classes use of public space, especially that of public houses. These were not only associated with alcoholism and disorderly behaviour, but more significantly as places for radical labour organisation especially that of trade unionism.  [26]  In emphasising the importance of the domestic sphere Chadwick links the labouring mans individual identity to his family over any homo-social association. The growing urbanized and capitalist formation of England should be borne in mind. The industrialization of England during this period brought with it the emergence of the capitalism and the importance of the free market. In such a context the middling-classes also emerged and gained a foothold within this new state.  [27]  Furthering this idea of discipline and social ordering it is clear through the Sanitary Report that Chadwicks ideal for which the labouring class should aspire to be was certainly that of the middling class: the class who best fitted into the formation of Britain as an industrialising and capitalist nation. The middling class were seemingly more civilised than the labouring class, and more importantly they enjoyed lower rates of mortality. However, unfortunately for Chadwick, they were politically enfranchised.  [28]  This final issue as has been mentioned was significant. And within Chadwicks own work it creates a certain paradox.  [29]   Throughout his Sanitary Report Chadwick emphasises the importance of the respectability of domesticity, and improvements of the labouring class through the investment in institutions of savings, schooling, respectability and religion. Chadwick generalises the domestic values of the middle class to represent the whole of English society. Emphasising the importance of appropriated behaviour and their distinction from the frugality of the aristocrats and the licentious working-class, Chadwick establishes the naturalness of middle class living habits and the superiority thereof in both health and longevity.  [30]  Yet whilst placing this carrot of improvement in front of the labouring man, Chadwicks emphasis upon improvement is kept within the domestic sphere, thus allowing for sanitary and social improvement. This domestic emphasis limits the working man, actively avoiding and denying the political collusion that the middling classes enjoyed. In this way Chadwick allowed the laboure r only part of the carrot of improvement.  [31]  Chadwick, therefore, denies members of the labouring population the opportunity of establishing the kinds of relationships with each other that facilitated the consolidation of the middle class as a political entity.  [32]   In this respect one sees the attempt by Chadwick to discipline the labouring class through guidance and their own self-discipline. What is more significant here is how Chadwick is able, in the climate of a reluctant-to-reform government, to get sanitary reform passed. This can be attributed to a number of factors; most importantly, Chadwick was able in his report to incorporate the social into sanitation. Chadwick attributed filth theory not only to the causation of physical disease, but also to the causation of alcoholism and more significantly the labouring mans potentially revolutionary behaviour.  [33]  Chadwick addressed the political issue of the day whilst explicitly avoiding overtly political rhetoric. He made political unrest a sanitary issue. By masking those social issues with the sweeter taste of health and sanitation, Chadwick makes his vision easier to swallow for a reluctant government. This as Hamlin rightly points out is the true nature of Chadwicks Report. It wa s essentially a political piece of work, with social reorganization hidden behind the guise of disease prevention and public medicine.  [34]   This material and domestic focus allowed for Chadwick to avoid the issue of poverty as a determinant of disease. Chadwick discounted issues such as adequate food, clothing and sufficient wages as consequential to health. Although seemingly avoiding the issue of the poor law, Chadwick is inadvertently addressing the problem. His vision of sanitary improvement was intended to improve the very class for whom poor relief was a viable option. If through sanitation their physical, and psychological state could be improved then they would be less depraved, less inclined to drink and perhaps less likely to need to be relieved. Statistical information was not only a phenomenon of the Victorian period; it was also a powerful reformist tool, pioneered by the social reformist James Phillips Kay.  [35]  Information and evidence are significant factors in the understanding of Chadwicks work both within the Royal Commission for the poor law and within his Sanitary Report. Chadwick was quick to utilise the power of information to further his reformist plan. This is evident throughout his work on the Royal Commission of the poor law, and of the Factories, and certainly within his Sanitary Report.  [36]  Influenced by his contemporary James Phillips Kay, Chadwick embarked upon the use of statistics and evidence for reformist purposes. This would seem a noble endeavour, classically associated with the reformist movement, in work such as the aforementioned Kay, and many others seeking to improve England. Chadwick was shrewder with his statistical evidence. Many historians suggest that he used only those statis tics which would further his preconceived notions and aims. This is certainly evident mostly starkly, as Christopher Hamlin among other historians have identified, within the Sanitary Report.  [37]   Chadwicks narrowing of public health to that of sanitation is the prime example. Chadwick ignores completely the medical aspects of public health, refusing to include the medical profession into his vision. Furthermore, his emphasis upon the environmental cause of disease through filth completely ignored not only substantial evidence from physician such as Alison who exampled a complexity of issues to disease causation, but also his contemporary and friend James Phillips Kay. This narrow focus and selective evidence can be seen as a way of Chadwick avoiding certain issues for which he was reluctant to attribute to the health of the labouring class; that being poverty and the new system of poor relief. Chadwicks focus upon the physical moved the focus away from claims by Poor Law medical officers that harsh Poor Law policies were the cause of illness and disease  [38]  Thus, for Chadwick to avoid confirming in writing that his already hated poor law was also a cause of disease; he had to change tact and use statistics to prove otherwise. If hardship produced illness, a PL founded upon disincentives to seek relief was counterproductive and morally indefensible.  [39]  Chadwick took the same attitude with the compilation of his evidence within the poor law commission. He used and selected the right evidence that would bolster his policy. There was opposition, yet Chadwick seemed, and did, amass voluminous amounts of evidence that supported his claim.  [40]  Chadwick throughout the period applied statistics to bolster his preconceived cause. He was so successful that he not only managed to enact his reforms, but also, made those reforms seem like the only viable reality. Chadwick was certainly an active reformist during this period, and even before.  [41]  With regards to whether Chadwick was a politician in disguise, is certainly nuanced and complex. He was not a political figure; he was a reformist, and a civil servant of sorts.  [42]  Yet he certainly played the political game. He was active in much of the policy making that occurred during this period and had a significant role in the two most significant areas of reform; the poor law; and public health, for which he essentially established in England, if on somewhat narrower definitions than that of his French counterparts.  [43]  This in itself is an example of his attempts at creating a new social picture of England. His national vision extended from a centralised institutional authority to a mass social body. Everything Chadwick attempted was on a national scale. His vision of the improvement of Great Britain is evident in most of his works. And he was determined to have this visi on become a reality. His selective use of evidence, the focus of his Sanitary Report, the Royal Commission on the poor law, certainly sways one in the direction of politician in disguise. Much of his work in contemporaneous context had subtle and subverted political agendas. The poor law was based on a deterrent system, which aimed at the reduction of expenditure. This is a more explicit involvement. Yet the Sanitary Reports is a prime example of a politician in disguise. The overarching focus upon the health of the labouring poor is punctuated by the inclusion of discipline and social organisation. Yet for all these aspects, Chadwick was certainly more a product of his Benthamite roots. A man heavily influenced by Benthams Constitutional Code, but with his own individual drive and aspirations. In this way, improvement and reform were his true aims. He had a vision for the makeup if Britain and was determined to see that his ideas were realised, even if that meant making certain concessions to make it more appealing to government, and at times to cover his own back. One could suggest, especially within the Sanitary Report, that Chadwick chose sewers and water in a narrowing of public health because of their political innocuousness. He can be seen to actively avoid any explicit association with the politics of this area. Chadwick, unlike many of his Utilitarian contemporaries, was seemingly more inclined to diverge slightly from his Benthamite past if it meant the success of his policies.

Power, Politics And Glory Essay

If protest art is shown only in galleries or museums, is it reaching a wide enough audience to be effective? Protest art is a way for activists to promote their causes by using creativity in how they delivery their message.   If they will only be displayed in museums or galleries, then it will only reach a limited audience.   In any kind or form of promoting a social message, it is important to reach as many people as possible.   Without a wide reach, the protest art would not be very effective.   However, if the target audience were limited to those who are frequent visitors to museums and galleries, then, limiting the display to these locations would serve the purpose.   With protest art, the artist often has a clear political message to deliver, presents it in a persuasive way, and hopes to cause change. Is that different from propaganda?   Propaganda takes many forms and uses different mediums to deliver its message in order to persuade or influence changes.   Protest art as a form of propaganda uses symbols and pictures to drive the message across.   By being creative, more people will take notice of what the issue is all about.   Can propaganda be art?   Art can take any form.   Similarly, a movement can also use art to promote or influence opinions and behavior.   In that sense, propaganda can use cartoons, satires, paintings, banners, or other art mediums to convey the message.   Look at the image of President Bush. This photograph was taken in May of 2003. Do you think this image was staged in any way? What are your thoughts in the way of the function of this image? Could it be called propaganda? The image is obviously staged to relate a message.   Since propaganda could be positive or negative, then there are two ways to interpret this image.   On the positive side, the thumbs-up and the mission-accomplished banner could mean that the government has successfully upheld justice in Iraq by driving away extremists led by Saddam Hussein.   On the other hand, the picture could mean that Bush was gloating over the invasion of Iraq and how it would mean to his image as world leader.

Italian Neorealism and National Cinema

The question whether to consider a particular film part of national cinema is still unanswered. What is national cinema? What separates it from other forms of film genres? What makes it part of ones culture and how does it illuminate identity and patriotism? Films are often described as society’s reflections or representations. Because of films’ utilization and articulation of visual imageries, storytelling becomes more vivid and concretely presented. In addition to that, the presence of alive actors and actresses makes film more in touch with reality. This is one advantage that films possess over other national art and treasures such as literature and music. The truth of the matter is, it is a combination of both literature, music, visual and performing arts. If the community renders such notions about national cinema, then the dictates of logic and reason readily show that each and every featured film shown in big screens are parts of a bigger picture known as national cinema. However, the problem is that members of the academe and scholars alike seem to be uncomfortable in settling to such an idea. National Cinema Keith Cameron noted that in discussing national cinema, there are â€Å"axis of reflections† that should be considered [1]. These are the manner in which films are â€Å"enunciated.† [2] The second one pertains to different texts and images that these films want to promote or imply.[3] The last but definitely not the least, is how to locate these films within the national context.[4] These three aspects are of great importance to this particular discussion. This would bring a better contextualization of De Sica’s Bicycle Thieves and how it fits in into the national cinema category. According to Cameron, there are three ways to enunciate films and that is based on the actual structure and content of the film involved, the analyses and discussions that are given to it and the institutions in which these films are shown and made available to the public. [5] With this regard, Cameron questions the differentiation of popular cinema from national cinema. First of all, Cameron seem to imply that although some films or productions are supported by the government or even if the country involve, such as France for example releases large numbers of film, these alone cannot really define national cinema’s true meaning. If such is the case, it seems that the term national cinema is too encompassing yet too specific. It is encompassing since, it basically involves films within the region and specific, since each of these cinematic productions goes through the scrutinizing eyes of various critics and members of the academic intelligentsia. This brings us to the second mode of enunciation which has something to do with the discourses that are attributed to a particular film. More often than not, to determine whether a film would best fit under the national context is based on the studies that deconstruct every ingredient that embodies a locally produced film. On the other hand, Cameron seem to imply that certain organizations which are actively involved in preserving these films play an important role in film classification—so much so, that a local film cannot be considered as part of national cinema unless these institutions tells so. Turning to the second axis, it is important to look at different symbols and imageries that are embedded in the film. National cinema tends to depict societal and systemic issues. Such readily promotes nationalism, identity, culture and history. But there are also occasions wherein the political structure of a country or state, that are often evident in censorship rules also affect the whole story. Political turmoil can either reinforce the inclusion of nationalistic advocacies and movements in film elements or it can silence these works of art and transform it into mere commodities. As for the case of the third axis, Cameron noted that locating cinemas within the national context should be examined as a mixture of different film genres that are present within the country. Plurality seem to be an important factor in defining films as part of national cinema that are differentiated by six typologies such as the following: â€Å"narratives, genres, codes and conventions, gesturality and morphology, the star as the sign and the cinema of the centre and of the periphery.† [6] Italian Neorealism and National Cinema Given this situation at hand, there is no doubt that national cinema, most especially in Italy has taken the attention of many. Angelo Restivo explained that a comparison cinemas that are not produced in Hollywood readily shows that extensive studies and researches has been conducted towards Italian cinema.[7] Based from this argument, clearly, Italian films exemplify the second mode of enunciation wherein it concerns the discourses that revolve around the film per se. One of the biggest contributions of Italy in the cinematic world is the rise of a genre more popularly known as Neorealism. [8] The defining characteristics of Neorealism are its strong emphasis on social and economic as well as political depiction of society. [9] Maria Prammaggiore and Tom Wallis elucidated that the rise of this film genre occurred during World War II’s aftermath. Roberto Rossellino, Vittorio De Sica and Luchnio Visconti are considered as the main proponents of the said film movement. [10] This has readily contributed into the growth and development of art films that are being offered in the public. With this regard, there is a need to understand national cinema and its seemingly inevitable fusion with Neorealism. If Neorealism began during the time wherein   communities are torn with war and poverty, then the film genre is expected to be part of a much diverse category, which is of course national cinema. An examination of De Sica’s Bicycle Thieves seems to reflect the social dilemmas that are present in Italy. The Bicycle Thieves is a story of a struggling man who is desperate to land a good job in the city. He has a family to raise and everyday expenses are synonymous to everyday curses. Ricci, who is the main protagonist of the story, is in dire need of a bicycle since it is one of the job’s primary requirements. Job opportunities are scarce and there are also other applicants who are readily qualified for the position. In order to get the job, he and his wife pawned some of their precious possessions to get a bike. The world literally crumbled during the war. Economies dropped down and more individuals were denied to have a decent means of living. This is well articulated in the film. Ricci’s undertakings represent the experiences of an individual that is in extreme poverty and desperation. Therefore, it has the tendency to reflect the sentiments of persons who are also engulfed in such situation. Italy is not spared from the war’s impact and De Sica showed that even a great city encounter severe problems. Thus, the social and economic aspect of national cinema in this case is already manifested. Furthermore, since Neorealism, as the term realism depicts, emphasizes capturing reality on screen or at least being closed to reality in that manner. In order to accomplish this, conversational language and natural settings are readily utilized to imbue the â€Å"real† effect. [11] In the first scene alone, Ricci’s environment already manifests extreme poverty. Natural sounds are basically not edited or polished in order to present the realities of the movie’s setting and thus its artificiality is readily reduced. The striking techniques of realism and at the same time, the claims of national cinema make a perfect combination. Perhaps it can be best explained that Neorealism falls under the category of national cinema. Out of the need to live and survive, Ricci became a bicycle thief too. Apparently, this situation demonstrates war’s remnants. There is the struggle to live throughout the whole war per se. But the battle is even harder when on how to continue life after the incident. The use of close-up shots in the film further heightens the drama that is presented in the film. However, De Sica does not seem to place much importance on dramas that are filled romantic notions—but rather on what is evident in the world. Linda Badley, Barton Palmer and Steven Schneider [12] explained that questions about Neorealism have something to do with insufficient funding. The raw and organic styles that it features are out of necessity rather than pure stylistic and aesthetically-related techniques, according to its critics. But then again, Badly, Palmet and Schneider discussed that â€Å"on-location† shoots are even more expensive since some factors such as the weather and lighting cannot be controlled and that it should go through a series of finishing touches for it to capture the desired effect. [13] National cinema as previously discussed is a celebration of society’s everyday affairs. De Sica and his great interest and fervor desire in promoting Neorealism is a concrete example of a classic national cinema. Once and for all, the mere fact that Neorealism deals with reality simply purports that national values and experiences are highlighted. The visual imageries that are used in Bicycle Thieves connote a strong presentation of Italy’s previous political and social upheavals that has to be confronted. The aim to depict this reality goes hand in hand with the objective to readily champion a vital change that is essential in Italy’s community. Due to this, national cinema transforms into an art form worthy of praise and recognition. Bibliography Badley, L, R Palmer& S Schneider. Traditions in World Cinema. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2006 Cameron, C,   National Identity. Intellect Books, Great Britain, 1991 Prammagiore, M   & and T Wallis, Film: A Critical Introduction. Laurence King Publishing,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   London, 2005 Restivo, A,   The Cinema of Economic Miracles: Visuality and Modernization in the Italian   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Art Film, Duke University Press, USA, 2002 [1] K Cameron, National Identity. Intellect Books, Great Britain, 1991, p. 96 [2] Ibid. [3] Ibid. [4] [5] Ibid. [6] Ibid. [7] A Restivo, The Cinema of Economic Miracles: Visuality and Modernization in the Italian Art Film, Duke University Press, USA, 2002, p.3 [8] M Prammagiore   & and T Wallis, Film: A Critical Introduction. Laurence King Publishing, London, 2005, p.310 [9] Ibid. [10] Ibid. [11] Ibid. [12] L Badley, R Palmer, S Schneider, Traditions in World Cinema. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2006, p. 32 [13] Ibid

Goal Setting Theory - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1813 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/16 Category Psychology Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Motivation Essay Did you like this example? Introduction This essay will explain the goal setting theory. I will review theories related to goal setting. Then I will apply the theories to a work example. Lastly, I will provide recommendations based on the theories. Literature review: Goal setting is a theory of motivation, which may give employees a sense of purpose, challenge, and meaning to their work as well as a sense of accomplishment (Latham 2007, p. 62). Effective goal setting has according to Medlin and Green (2009, p. 952) been a driver of performance for decades. Latham and Locke (1990, p. 261) states that goals direct attention to the activity specified by the goal and simultaneously away from goal-irrelevant activities. The core finding of goal setting research is that specific high goals when accepted, lead to higher performance than no goals or vague goals (Latham 2007, p. 53). The importance of the goal to the individual and self-efficacy (i. e. self-confidence that the goal for a specific task is att ainable) influences the commitment of an individual to a goal (Latham Locke, 2007, p. 291). However, if there is no commitment to the goal, no motivational effects will occur from goal setting (Slocum, Cron and Brown, 2002, p. 77). According to Latham and Locke (1990, p. 95) goals motivate individuals to be persistent, and challenging goals inspire the individual to be determined in not settling for less than could be achieved. Furthermore, goals can affect performance indirectly by motivating the individual to develop task specific strategies (Latham Locke, 1990, p. 261). Goals are moderated by ability, goal commitment, feedback in relation to goal pursuit, the complexity of the task, and situational factors (e. . , presence of needed resources) (Latham Locke, 2007, p. 291). An employee’s motivation is according to Latham and Locke (2007, p. 291) affected by specific challenges and demands such as high goals. However, people automatically use the knowledge and skills t hey have already acquired that are relevant to achieve the goal (Latham Locke, 2002, p. 707). In the absence of knowledge or ability, setting a specific high goal can have a negative effect on a person’s performance (Kanfer Ackerman, 1989, p. 661). A learning goal should be set rather than an outcome goal when the knowledge or skill for attaining the goal is unknown (Latham Locke 2007, p. 293). A situational constraint to effective goal setting is environmental uncertainty, which might be due to unavailable information in order to set efficient outcome or learning goals (Seijts Latham, 2001, p. 292). In order for goals to affect performance, Erez and Zidon (1984, p. 77) state that there must be commitment to the goals, that is, employees must be truly trying to attain them. One important factor that facilitates goal commitment is the belief that the individual are able to attain the goal (i. e. , high self-efficacy), and the importance of the outcome that they expec t as a result of working to attain the goal is yet another important factor (Locke Latham, 2002, p. 707). An employee’s success in achieving challenging but attainable goals is associated with positive and valued (high-valence) outcomes (Fried Slowic, 2004, p. 406). Examples of internal outcomes are a sense of accomplishment, escape from feeling bored or useless, and proving oneself. External outcomes are for example, higher income, job security, and opportunities for promotions. The higher the importance of these expected outcomes for the person, the higher the goal commitment to attain it (Latham, 2007, p. 185). Locke and Latham (1990, p. 242) suggest that when feedback allows performance to be tracked in relation to one’s goal, goal setting is more effective. When people find they are below target, they normally increase their effort or try a new strategy (Matsui, Okada, Inoshita, 1983, p. 10). If the employees do not know how they are doing, it is difficult f or them to adjust their performance strategies to match what the goal requires (Locke Latham, 1990, p. 242). When the goal is set, it is the person’s perception of how well he or she will perform, that will determine the level of performance, hence the importance of one’s self efficacy (Latham, 2007, p. 82). According to Lee and Bobko (1992, p. 364) a goal is perceived to be less difficult when a person’s self-efficacy is high. Also, people with high self-efficacy adjust their level of performance to negative feedback more effectively than do people who have low self-efficacy. Allowing employees to participate in goal setting lead consistently to higher level of commitment as participation generally make the goals more important to the individual, and the goals would be set based on previous performance and current knowledge (Latham Locke, 1990, p 109). The employee will usually have a higher self-efficacy and therefore perform better than those who do not participate in setting the goals (Locke, 2002, p. 08). Example In a previous job, I was given a specific outcome goal, which consisted of selling a certain amount of cell-phones in a day. I received a fixed salary regardless if I reached the goal or not. A situational constraint of having few customers made me incapable of reaching the goal. In addition, I had little knowledge of the products I was supposed to sell, as I had only been working for a few weeks. I experienced lack of motivation and commitment to the goal I had been given. According to Latham (2007, p. 176) goal setting without adequate knowledge is useless (i. . , unless the individual know how to attain a goal, there will be no commitment). When learning rather than motivation is required to master a task, setting an outcome goal can have a detrimental effect on performance and a decrease in self-efficacy (Latham Locke, 2007, p. 293). People with low self-efficacy are unlikely to commit to a high goal (Latham Locke 2007, p. 291). I had low self-efficacy and no commitment due to the lack of ability and knowledge to perform the goal I was given. This is consistent with the theory where Woofford, Goodwin, and Premack (1992, p. 95) state that when commitment is lacking, goals have little or no effect on behavior. The goal I was given was unrealistic, therefore I ignored there even was a goal. Goals that are perceived as difficult are less likely to be accepted than easy goals (Latham Locke, 1990, p. 259). As learning was required to master the task, it is consistent with the theory that the given outcome goal had detrimental effect on my performance (i. e. , Seiits Latham 2001, p. 292). Latham (2007, p. 92) states that high dissatisfaction occurs when rewards are perceived as unfair. I got de-motivated and felt no commitment to the organization as there was no reward or high-valence outcome if the goal was achieved. Moreover, I was not committed to the goal I was given, hence feedback became irrelevant and ineffective, and this is where it breached the theory (i. e. , Matsui, Okada, Inoshita 1983, p. 410). Recommendation: First of all, due to the lack of ability and knowledge to perform the given goal, a specific difficult learning goal should have been set rather than an outcome goal. A specific outcome goal should be set only when people have the required knowledge or ability (Latham, 2007, p. 8). By ensuring adequate training, strategy development or task instructions, the employees would have the accurate knowledge and ability to perform the given task; self-efficacy might increase, which in turn enhances goal commitment and performance (Bandura Locke, 2003, p. 94). Second, an alternative for managers to assigning an appropriate goal is to allow employees to participate in setting them (Latham Locke, 2002, p. 707). Generally, employees will set goals based on previous performance and current knowledge, which usually lead to a higher self-efficacy and better perfo rmance (Latham Locke, 1990, p 109). Also, people with high self-efficacy will typically set higher goals upon attainment than those with low self-efficacy (Latham Locke 2007, p. 291). Third, a reward such as monetary incentives may be used to enhance goal commitment. Employee satisfaction will derive, in part, from giving employees personally meaningful work that they are capable of handling and, in part, reward good performance (Locke and Latham 1990, 267). Other rewards such as gift cards, competition of being â€Å"employee of the month† and flexible working hours is examples, which could enhance goal commitment. Fourth, the manager should take social constraints into consideration prior to the goal setting. Here, as few customers visited the store, it was literally impossible to sell enough products to reach the given goal. The goal should be achievable for the reason that employees will only commit to a goal if they have the ability and knowledge to attain them ( Latham Locke, 2002, p. 707). Fifth, the manager should try to convince the employee that attaining the goal is important, communicate an inspire vision and be supportive (Latham Locke, 2002, p. 707) References: Bandura, A. Locke, E. A. (2003). Negative Self-Efficacy and Goal Effects Revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(1), 87-99. Retrieved April 12, 2010, from the EBSCOhost database. Erez, M. , Zidon, I. (1984). Effect of Goal Acceptance on the Relationship Of Goal Difficulty to Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(1), 68-78. Retrieved February 4, 2010, from the EBSCOhost database. Fried, Y. , Slowik, L. H. (2004). Enriching Goal-Setting Theory with Time: An Integrated Approach. Academy of Management Review, 29(3), 404-422. Retrieved April 2, 2010, from the EBSChost database. Kanfer, R. , Ackerman, P. L. (1989). Motivation and Cognitive Abilities: An Integrative/Aptitude-Treatment Interaction Approach to Skill Acquisition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74 (4), 657-690. Retrieved April 15, 2010, from the EBSChost database. Latham, G. P. , Locke, E. A. (1990). A Theory of Goal Setting Task Performance. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. Latham, G. P. , Locke, E. A. (2007). New Developments in and Directions for Goal-Setting Research. European Psychologist, 12(4), 290-300. Retrieved April 15, 2010, from the EBSCOhost database. Latham, G. P. (2007). Work Motivation: History, Theory, Research, and Practice (Foundations for Organizational Science). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc. Locke, E. , Latham, G. P. (1990). Work Motivation and Satisfaction: Light at the End of the Tunnel. Psychological Science, 1(9), 240-246. Retrieved April 2, 2010, from the EBSChost database. Locke, E. A. , Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a Practical Useful Theory of Goal Setting and Task Motivation. American Psychologist, 57(9), 705-717. Retrieved April 1, 2010, from the EBSChost database. Lee, C. , Bobko, P. (1994). Self-Efficacy Beliefs: Comparison of Five Measures. Journal of Applied Psycology, 79(3), 364-369. Retrieved April 15, 2010, from the EBSCOhost database. Matsui, T. , Kakuyama, T. , Onglatco, M. L. (1987). Effects of Goals and Feedback on Performance in Groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72(3), 407-415. Medlin, B. , and Green Jr, K. W. (2009). Enhancing performance through goal setting, engagement, and optimism. Industrial Management Data Systems, 119(7), 943-956, from the Emerald database. Seijits, G. H. , Latham, G. P. (2001). The effect of distal learning, outcome, and proximal goals on a moderately complex task. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22(3), 291. Retrieved April 15, 2010, from the ProQuest database. Slocum Jr, J. W. , Cron, W. L. , Brown, S. P. (2002). The effect of goal conflict on performance. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies , 9(1), 77-89. Retrieved April 15, 2010, from the ProQuest database Wofford, J. C. , Goodwin, V. L. , Premack, S. (1992). Meta-Analysis of the Ante cedents of Personal Goal Level and of the Antecedents and Consequences of Goal Commitment. Journal of Management, 18(3), 595-615. Retrieved April 12, 2010, from the ProQuest database. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Goal Setting Theory" essay for you Create order