Pressure from Peers Creates Teenage Pregnancy Essay

In my opinion, some of the main causes of teenage pregnancy are due to peer pressure from friends and fellow classmates who suggest that having sex during high school is normal casual behavior. There is pressure that suggest if you are not engaging in both oral and sexual intercourse, the belief is that something is wrong with you and the stigma of being a virgin is embarrassing and somehow wrong. Another cause is, but not limited to, unprotected sex (not wearing a condom or not being on birth control). This type of behavior is reckless and considered youthful lust or in some cases sexual deviance. According to Naomi Farber, author of Adolescent Pregnancy, some risk factors of teenage pregnancy are: †¢ Mothers are at risk of having low†¦show more content†¦Rather than regard this ambiguity as confusion or false consciousness, we should use it as a source-book to examine how women experience sexual desire, fantasy, and action† (Thompson, 1991). Love may another cause for teenage pregnancy or maybe the illusion of love verses lust. At the time my daughter’s mother and I felt like we were making love and her getting pregnant was a result of this. Once she missed menstrual cycle and after about two later and finally getting a pregnancy test two teenage kids were faced with the reality bringing another life into this world. Personally, nothing have ever frightened me more to this very day. My wife of twenty years (not my daughter’s mother) and I have two children of our own. To be a teenager faced with this decision was very overwhelming to say the least. I stated before as a young male I didn’t handled the teenage pregnancy well which ultimately made the situation ten times worse for the mother-to-be. I give the utmost credit to all young mothers that are faced with such a challenge of raising a child while basically being a child themselves. I thank GOD this situation has worked out fine. Our beautiful daughter is a college graduate with a good paying job and engaged to be married. Despite one of the statistics of the result of teenage parenting, she does not have any children of her own. Ironically this cause me to grow upShow MoreRelatedTeenage Pregnancy Essay1238 Words   |  5 Pageswhat most people say, or think, when they hear about the pregnancy of an adolescent girl. Early pregnancy, commonly referred to as teenage pregnancy, is an ongoing crisis throughout the world. However, the United States has the highest rates of teen pregnancy in the world. Since its peak in 1990, teen pregnancy rates have declined by hal f, but they are still fairly high. According to the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, â€Å"roughly one in four teens girls in the U.S. will getRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pageshighest rate of teenage pregnancy in the Caribbean followed by Guyana and Jamaica. Based on the media perspective, teenage pregnancy is a rising issue in Belize that should be taken more seriously. It’s an epidemic ruining lives and perpetuating poverty. According to Sheila Roseau, Director of UNFPA SROC, the birth-rates in countries are normally forty-nine per thousand births. In Belize, the birth rate is ninety per thousand births. This rating should draw immediate attention from everyone and notRead MoreThe Adolescent Family Life Program Teaches Teenagers About Abstinence1365 Words   |  6 PagesThe Adolescent Family Life program teaches teenagers about abstinence. The AFL differs from other primary prevention programs, but also has complications to its solution for teaching teenagers about its abstinence-only program. This paper is to display the effective approach of the AFL in how it contrasts from other programs, but also, how it can be revised. In the end, the program needs adjustment, from its abstinence-only education, in order for it to effectively teach adolescences the consequencesRead MoreEssay on Sexually Active Teens1287 Words   |  6 Pagesand girls alike worry about their looks, grades, peer pressure, dating, and their futures. When sex is added to the mix, another layer of anxiety or concern can bring about more complications to an already overwhelmed teen. The consequences of becoming sexually active during adolescence can include pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and depression. One obvious consequence teens face when they become sexually active is pregnancy. Pregnancy at any age can be taxing on the body, and spiritRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy and the Media Essay1531 Words   |  7 PagesThere is a great debate on whether or not mass media has an influence on teenage pregnancy. A study done by the RAND Corporation shows that teens are twice as likely to have sex or engage in sexual acts if they see similar sexual behavior in the media. Many objects in the media that involve sex target teens. Reality TV shows and teen dramas often portray the cool kids as the ones who are having sex (Chandra).Today’s teens are highly influenced by what they see in the media and this can change theirRead MorePersuasive Essay On Teen Pregnancy1634 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough the teen pregnancy rate has declined some, it remains a major problem in the state of Arkansas. It is a social problem that is affecting all communities in some Arkansas cities. With Arkansas t opping the charts with a high rate of teenage pregnancy, something needs to be done. There are not enough prevention programs in the state to help these young women. Out of all the young teens that have become pregnant, they usually had no want to become mothers. Arkansas should have more sex educationRead MoreTeen Pregnancy947 Words   |  4 PagesFACT SHEET WORLD POPULATION DAY 11 JULY 2008 Young People and Family Planning: Teenage Pregnancy DEFINITION Teenage pregnancy is defined as a teenage girl, usually within the ages of 13-19, becoming pregnant. The term in everyday speech usually refers to girls who have not reached legal adulthood, which varies across the world, who become pregnant. THE CURRENT SITUATION †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Half of the world’s population are under 25. Some 1.8 billion are aged 10-25, history’s largest generationRead MoreSociological Imagination Coined By Sociologist C. Wright Mills1138 Words   |  5 Pagesapplication of thought to ask sociological questions from familiar routines of daily life. According the Mills, the difference between â€Å"personal troubles† and â€Å"public issues† is that troubles occur within the range of an individual and immediate relationships while issues relates to public matters or arrangements of various institutions from the structured society (Mills 1959). A personal trouble that my friend once encountered was teenage pregnancy. She was only fifteen when this happened, totallyRead MoreHow Can Society Prevent and Avoid Unwanted Teenage Pregnancy?3437 Words   |  14 Pagesunwanted teenage pregnancy? Outline Topic: Teenage Pregnancy Can Be Overstepped. I. Introduction Due to increased number of teenage pregnancy today’s society should take serious steps to prevent it and improve the situation by supplying a better sexual education at home and at school by both their parents and teachers. II. Background Teenage pregnancy is a large and growing problem over the world especially now when people have more rights and freedom of choice. The main causes of teenage pregnanciesRead MoreSchools Providing Contraception For Children1530 Words   |  7 PagesContraception When a teenage girl sees that small pink plus sign on a pregnancy test, many things begin to run through her mind. â€Å"What am I going to tell my parents and boyfriend? How is this going to affect me? How will my friends and family react? What about my education and future? How did this happen to me? What could I have done to prevent this?† Most teenagers have sex without being protected. Whether they’re embarrassed or afraid of being seen, it results in a lot of teenage pregnancies. However, there

The Industrial Revolution And Its Impact On Architecture

Armand Gorrell 10.13.16 Theories II- N. Leach Made by Robots: Challenging Architecture at a Larger Scale The section I read covered the history of the Industrial Revolution and its impact on the building process from the 18th century to the 19th century. Beginning in the 18th century and throughout the 19th century, new machinery, and industrially fabricated materials began to appear on construction sites. Entering the 20th century there was a real attempt to adopt the industrial manufacturing processes from the previous centuries, due to a high demand for housing and construction during the post war period. It wasn’t until this time mass production of materials and machinery altered the building process which led us in a direction of robotics in architecture. With the increasing interest of time and cost saving, and increasing population of cities, by the end of the 20th century distinct change had occurred in the design process- resulting in new technology development to keep up with the transforming society. Looking at the history of the industrial revolutions impact on archit ecture I can understand the consistent pursuit on innovation and the demand to improve the building process, and what architecture has become today- the introduction of robotics in my opinion, is much needed. Without the constant evolvement of previous technology the modern world we live in today wouldn’t exist but because of the great adaption to society, building has entered a realm where humanShow MoreRelatedThe Industrial Revolution During Mid 19th Century843 Words   |  4 PagesWith the Industrial Revolution at its dawn during mid-19th century, England’s Northern towns and cities began to alter drastically as advances in science and technology were proceeding to reshape the world. Beyond just transforming the society and its culture; industry, technology, and commerce, as agents of reforming the old social order, brought an immense demand for the urbanization of towns and cities. Consequently, the cities of Northern England went through an architectural metamorp hosis ofRead MoreEnlightenment And The Enlightenment Movement In The 18th Century975 Words   |  4 Pagesof the early modern period. The enlighten period had and a significant impact on the way people think a fact that changes various things about social equality, naturalness, and individual rights. Those changes impacted the society and culture in 18th century. We can notice the change when we compare with 17th century and 18th century arts, music, and architectures. Therefore, the question arise, how enlightenment revolution refined artists, musicians, and architects ideologies? Since, enlightenmentRead MoreHistory1717 Words   |  7 Pagesthe world of architecture and Interior Design in another era. And how other articles and journals supports that view and don’t. At the moment, we are living in a world of advanced technology where everything is taught using digital technology, whether it be a mobile device, an iPad or a computer, in a preschool or third level facility . It shows that we are ingrained with it nowadays and even more with the future generation to come. The impact that it has on my chosen career, Architecture and InteriorRead MoreLe Corbusier s View Of Architecture Or Revolution?1572 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Architecture or Revolution?† in Le Corbusier’s belief was the only way to avoid class-based revolution in industrialized architecture (Quirk, 2012). Le Corbusier, born Charles Édouard Jeanneret, was born into an artistic family in 1877 in a small village in Switzerland. His mother was a pianist and his father was a designer of watch dials. Even though he learned piano and father’s trade he got interested in the architecture when he was 13 years old. He learned from L’Eplatenier, a teacher in LaRead MoreLe Corbusier s Theory Of Architecture Or Revolution?1643 Words   |  7 Pagessigns from branch and vines of forests. â€Å"Architecture or Revolution?† in Le Corbusier’s belief was the only way to avoid class-based revolution in industrialized architecture (Quirk, 2012). Le Corbusier, born Charles Édouard Jeanneret, was born into an artistic family in 1877 in a small village in Switzerland. His mother was a pianist and his father was a designer of watch dials. Even though he learned piano and father’s trade he got interested in the architecture when he was 13 years old. He learnedRead MoreThe Difference Of Interpretation On Coal Industry865 Words   |  4 Pageshistorical memory, but also were used to recall a significant generation or a period. John Ruskin in the book named The Seven Lamps of Architecture pointed out that the glory of a building or a collection is not in its material or its size, but in its generation. In other words, great era could bring the honor of history for people. Especially for the industrial past, it is easier to motivate the nostalgic impulse. In Britain, coal resource not only influenced the development of industry and technologyRead MoreThe Modernism Movement Essay1133 Words   |  5 PagesModernism started as a movement around late 19th and 20th centuries. It rejected the conventional forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organisation and everyday life as they felt it was incompatible with the new economical, social and political conditions that was emerging at that period of time. Many distinctive styles can be defined as modernist, but majority of them had very similar values and theories on different aspects of society. It gave birth to a whole array ofRead MoreEssay on The Industrial Revolution1366 Words   |  6 PagesThe Industrial Revolution Introduction to the Revolution The Industrial revolution was a time of drastic change marked by the general introduction of power-driven machinery. This change generally helped life, but it had its disadvantages as well. Pollution, such as Carbon Dioxide levels in the atmosphere rose, working conditions declined, and the number of women and children working increased. The government, the arts, literature, music, architecture and mans way of looking at life allRead MoreModernism, Modernity and Modernisation: Urban Growth in Melbourne Between the Wars1533 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"It was a conviction that what mans eye seeks in our era, in our time, is not the ponderous solidity of traditional architecture where everything was built to four walls around a room and spaces that were finite. But rather our eyes seek transparency, lightness... being able to look through things.† (http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/modern-austn-architecture) Although Seidler’s designs flourished after World War Two, his works utilised the new materials, technology and machineryRead More A Critical Essay on Edgar Allan Poe’s The Fall of the House of Usher (1839)1221 Words   |  5 PagesThe twenty first century author Alexandra Iftodi Zamfir (1986- ) argues that â€Å"architecture and settings are more important in Gothic fiction than in any other type of literature†¦all architectural elements are closely connected with Gothic protagonists and the plot.† (Zamfir. 2011: 15). This critical essay will first consider and analyse this statement and investigate the style, language and form of the American author Edgar Allan Poe’s (1809-1849) macabre and Gothic fictional prose The Fall of the

History Of Basketball Essay Example For Students

History Of Basketball Essay A brief out line of basketball is it is a game played with a pumped round ballbetween two teams of five players each on a rectangular court. In professionalor minor competition basketball is usually played indoors, but it does not needto be. Each team tries to score by shooting the ball through the other teamsgoal at each end of the court, above their heads. The goal is a round hoop andnet called a basket. The team scoring the most such throws, through field goalsor foul shots, wins the game. Equipment used You do not need a lot of equipmentto play basketball all you need is a basketball, a court and one or twobasketball rings. The basketball court is in a shape of a rectangle ranging insize from about 29 m by 15 m to about 22 m by 13 m. At each end of the court isa backboard placed behind the ring, measuring usually about 2 m by 1 m, this isalso in a rectangular shape although in some collages in America it is more in ashape of this. Each normal rectangular backboard is about 2.7 m (about 9 ft)above the court. The baskets are attached firmly to the backboards about 3 m(about 10 ft) above the playing surface. Each basket is about 46 cm (about 18in) in diameter and consists of a round hoop, or metal ring, from which awide-meshed white net is hung. The regulation basketball is an inflated,leather- or nylon-covered sphere that weighs from 567 to 624 g (20 to 22 oz.)and has a circumference of about 76-cm (about 30 in). What is involved Aconventional basketball team, which is directed by a coach, is made up of twoforwards, two guards, and a center. The two forwards are usually the better ofthe shooters and are really quick. In the jump they both stand between thecircle and the opponents basket. The two guards stand in the backcourt. Thecenter, usually the tallest player on the team who stands inside a circle thathas a radius of about 61 cm (about 24 in) and is located midway along a linepainted across the center of the court. The game commences with the tip-off,when the referee tosses the ball into the air over the center circle, in whichthe opposing centers stand face to face. The centers then leap into the air andattempt, with their hands, to tap the ball to their teammates. The team thatgets the ball attempts to advance it toward the basket defended by the opposingside, in order to try for a field goal, or basket, scoring two or three points,depending on the players distance from the basket. A player may advance theball by passing it to a teammate or by bouncing (dribbling) it continually alongthe floor while running toward the basket. After a basket is scored, theopposing team puts the ball into play from behind its end line and in turn triesto move the ball upcourt to score. How is the game structured in the Olympics Inthe Olympics basketball the Officials consist of a referee, one or two umpires,one or two scorekeepers, and one or two timekeepers. The referee is in charge ofthe game. The referee and umpires operate on the court to ensure that the gameis played by the rules. They both can call any foul or violation they seeanywhere on the court. Usually, one official operates near the offensive teamsbasket and the other near the division line. The officials reverse positionswhen the teams move to the other end of the court. If a second umpire is used,he or she stands near a sideline. To call a violation or foul, the officialblows a whistle to stop play and the clock. The official explains the violationor foul, usually with a hand or arm signal, and enforces the penalty. The gamethen resumes. Because around the world basketball has little changes from onecountry to the other when the Olympics are played some one has to make thedecisions on how it is going to be played. No matter how the rules are decidedit would not be much of a change from where ever the basketball players havecome from to make it difficult to play. In the Olympics the games is set out asone big knock out game to decide who plays in the finals to be come number one inthe world. All the teams have to try not to get kicked out by loosing gameswhile trying to knock the other teams out of the competition. Which leaves thebasketball players with an enormous amount of pressure on them. Basic Rules Thebasic rules to basketball are fouls, travelling, double dribbling, the threesecond violation, foot violation and finally out of bounds. To get a foul inbasketball you are usually hit or pushed in some way by the opposing side. Totravell in basketball you will either take to many steps before bouncing theball, or after bouncing and stopping you start to bounce the ball again. Todouble dribble you must jump in the air with the ball in your hands and landagain with out passing or shooting the ball. Someone playing offence and stayingin the key for longer than three seconds or more causes the three-secondviolation. Foot violation in exactly what it sounds like, it is a violation madeby someone kicking the ball. Last but not least is going ov er the boundary linewith the ball. All of these things are not allowed in basketball and I shouldknow as I play in real competition. For almost all off the rules the refereeshave made some kind of body signal to tell everyone what just happened with outyelling it so everyone can hear. Below you can see some of the following signsthe referees make. When it began in the Olympics The success of internationalbasketball was greatly advanced by Forrest C. Allen, a Naismith disciple and aformer coach at the University of Kansas, who led the movement for inclusion ofbasketball in the Olympic Games in 1936 and from then onwards. Details of anyAustralians who has competed at the Olympics in this event One Australianbasketball player who has not only participated in one Olympics is Andrew Gaze. Potlatch - The Sharing And Shaming EssayThe only true record holders could be America as they have won in the Olympicsin a row for the longest time ever. Longer then any other country has yetproven. To tell you the truth I dont think any one will ever either.

Media Economics Global Marketplace Essay Example

Media Economics Global Marketplace Essay Media Economics amp; Global Marketplace Common structures Monopoly a single firm dominates production and distribution, either nationally or locally. Eg: a city with one newspaper or tv station. More prevalent at the local level. Oligopoly just a few firms dominate the industry. e. g. film industryfilm studios. Limited competition aka monopolistic competition a media market with many producers and sellers but only a few differentiable products within a category. For example, radio stations: there are various independently owned radio channels in India; however, most of these stations feature a limited number of formats, such as latest Bollywood songs, oldies, gags and similar content. Revenue Generation Direct payment media products supported primarily by consumers who pay directly for the product. Consumers communicate their preferences immediately Indirect payment media products supported primarily by advertisers, who pay for the quantity or quality of audience members that a particular medium delivers. The client is the advertiser, not the end user. Media spend in India as a percent of GDP is 0. 41%, which is much lesser than the world’s average of 0. 80%. This indicates the potential for growth in spends as the industry in India matures. The overall Mamp;E industry size grew from Rs 579 billion in 2008 to Rs 587 billion at a rate of 1. 4% percent. The growth rate is expected to increase to 11. 2% in 2010, as the industry witnesses a recovery. TV and Print are the largest sectors of the industry contributing to greater than 70% of the revenues. We will write a custom essay sample on Media Economics Global Marketplace specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Media Economics Global Marketplace specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Media Economics Global Marketplace specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Traditionally, advertising revenues have had a strong hold in the Mamp;E industry, but increasingly, subscription revenues are becoming important with consumers paying for media services. The media business models in India are undergoing a change with audiences becoming more willing to pay for content and value added services. The growth in ticket prices of movies at multiplexes, increasing number of Pay TV subscribers, increasing penetration of DTH with its user-friendly interface and technology, and introduction of Value Added Services (VAS) by media players are some examples of pay markets gaining importance. Print Media The Indian Print Media grew only marginally in 2009 as a decline in advertisement revenues were offset by growth in circulation revenues. The regime of foreign investment in Indian entities publishing newspapers and periodicals is as follows: I. Foreign investment (including FDI) upto 74% in Indian entities publishing scientific/technical and speciality journals, where only Indian editions of foreign journals are being published with no foreign investment being made, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting will give approvals on a case by case basis subject to prescribed conditions. II. FDI upto 26% in Indian entities publishing newspapers and periodicals dealing in news and current affairs with suitable safeguards like verification of antecedents of foreign investor, keeping editorial and management control in the hands of resident Indians and ensuring against dispersal of Indian equity. Television Sector in India In 2009, television industry stood at $5. 65 billion registering a growth of 6. 8%. The industry is projected to grow at a rate of 15. 5% and reach around $11. 45 billion by 2014. Growth of TV Channels in India: The number of private satellite TV channels grew from 1 TV channel in 2000 to 394 TV channels in 2009. Foreign Broadcasters: A number of foreign broadcasters are down linking their channels into India. A total of 67 TV channels, uplinked from abroad, have been permitted registration to be down linked in India during the years 2006-2009. Eg WB, Discovery, NatGeo etc. DTH Service: DD DIRECT+ is Indias first and only FTA Direct-To-Home (DTH) service being provided by Prasar Bharati (a public service broadcaster). Apart from Prasar Bharati, Dish TV India Ltd. Tata Sky Ltd, and Sun Direct TV Pvt. Ltd. , Reliance Big TV Pvt. Ltd. , Bharti Telemedia Ltd and Bharat Business Channel Ltd have also been granted license for operating DTH services. Eligibility Conditions: Total foreign equity holding, including FDI/ NRI/ OCB/ FII, in the applicant company not to exceed 49%, and within the foreign equity, the FDI component not to exceed 20%. It also provides that th e applicant company must have Indian management control with the majority representatives on the board as well as the chief executive of the company being a resident Indian. Radio Sector In 2009, Indian radio industry stood at $171. 38 million and is expected to grow at a rate of 16% over 2010-14 and reach a size of $360. 32 million by 2014. FM Radio: In 2009, total 248 Channels are operational. Foreign investment is permitted up to 20% equity for FM Radios Broadcasting Services with prior approval of the Government. Satellite Radio: At present Worldspace India Private Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of Worldspace Asia Pvt. Ltd. Singapore is providing services under Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) approval. Community Radio: The policy on community radio was liberalized during the year 2008 to bring in the civil society and voluntary organizations working on not -for-profit basis under its ambit. Earlier only educational institutions were permitted to set up a community radio. Presently, 29 community radio stations are operational. Advertising and Films 100% FDI under the automatic route is allowed in Advertising sector. 00% FDI under the automatic route is allowed in Film Industry including film financing, production, distribution, exhibition, marketing, and associated activities related to film industry. Global Marketplace Global investments by Indian players in 2009 †¢ Reliance Big Pictures’ forayed into Hollywood through a joint venture with director Steven Spielberg with an initial funding of USD 825 million. †¢ Broadcasters in India like Zee, Sony, etc. have displayed global a mbitions. Colors was recently launched in the US and UK as Aapka Colors, and is planning to expand to Europe, South Africa and Canada in the coming months. There is interest in Indian content internationally, which goes beyond the Indian diaspora. E. g. Vir Sanghvis Asian Diary was one of the leading programmes in Asia† †¢ Network18 Group entering into a joint venture with Forbes, a leading US based publishing and media company, to launch business magazines in India. †¢ Slumdog Millionnaire: Combination of Bollywood and Hollywood Indicative investments in India by global film studios in 2009 †¢ Fox Star Studios produced the experimental ‘Quick Gun Murugan’. Karan Johars Dharma Productions and Shah Rukh Khans Red Chillies Entertainment also finalised an arrangement with the Murdoch-owned Fox studios mid last year for ‘My Name Is Khan’ †¢ Warner Brothers continued its tryst with Bollywood by producing the Akshay Kumar starrer ‘Chandni Chowk to China’. †¢ Carey Fitzgeralds High Point Media Group is collaborating with Pritish Nandy Communications for the latters first horror film ‘The Accident’. †¢ Channels like Star World Times Group Case Study The Times Group is the largest media conglomerate in India. It is headed by brothers Samir and Vineet Jain. The company has 11 publishing centers, 15 printing centers, 55 sales offices, Over 7000 employees, 5 dailies, 2 lead magazines, 29 niche magazines, 32 Radio Stations, 2 Television News Channels, 1 Television Life Style Channel and turnover in excess of USD 700 million. Print includes The Times of India, The Economic Times, Maharashtra Times, Navbharat Times, All Mirrors Times Infotainment Media Limited amp; Entertainment Network India Limited includes Radio Mirchi, 360 Degrees Events, Times Outdoors, Mirchi Movies Limited Filmed Entertainment. Producers of BEING CYRUS, VELLITHERAI TIL (Times Internet Limited) includes Indiatimes portal and Times of Money TV Channels include Times Now, ET Now, Zoom, Movies Now Times Business Solutions include TimesJobs, SimplyMarry, Magic Bricks, Yolist, Ads2Book, PeerPower World Wide Media (A magazine joint venture between BCCL and BBC magazines) include Filmfare, Filmfare Awards, Femina, Femina Miss India, Top Gear Magazine, Hello, BBC Good Homes, Femina Hindi, Grazia, What to Wear

Free Essays on Groups

Why is group forming and group development crucial to the success of businesses? Introduction A group is â€Å"a collection of one or more interacting individuals who maintain stable patterns of relationships, share common goals and perceive themselves as being a group.† Greenberg, J & Baron, R. A. (1997) Within the context of this essay I hope to prove the following hypothesis, that group forming and group development are crucial to organisations. In all aspects of society whether at home, school or work we participate in and interact with members of groups. A large organisation can be viewed as a collection of small groups (Huczynski & Buchanan 1991.) If an organisation is made up of groups then the goals, performance and effectiveness of these groups will have a direct affect on the organisation they are involved with. Content There are two types of groups formal and informal. Formal groups are created by the organisation and are intentionally designed to direct members. Informal groups develop naturally amongst organisations personnel without any direction from the management. (Greenberg, J & Baron, R. A. 1997) According to Tuckman and Jenson (1977) there are 5 stages to group development. 1. Forming. In this stage the group is formed, members meet and ground rules are set out. Failure of the group even at this early stage to clarify goals and objectives can lead to the group not working at maximum efficiency (Tuckman and Jenson 1977). 2. Storming. In this stage the group show conflict and resist control from group leaders. (Tuckman and Jenson 1977) â€Å"The good relationships and acceptance of the leadership helps the group perform well.† (Greenberg & Baron 1997) When an organisation creates a group, the leader has to be chosen not only considering the needs of the task but also the members of the group. Failure of a leader to recognise the needs of his group members could lead to a drop in... Free Essays on Groups Free Essays on Groups Why is group forming and group development crucial to the success of businesses? Introduction A group is â€Å"a collection of one or more interacting individuals who maintain stable patterns of relationships, share common goals and perceive themselves as being a group.† Greenberg, J & Baron, R. A. (1997) Within the context of this essay I hope to prove the following hypothesis, that group forming and group development are crucial to organisations. In all aspects of society whether at home, school or work we participate in and interact with members of groups. A large organisation can be viewed as a collection of small groups (Huczynski & Buchanan 1991.) If an organisation is made up of groups then the goals, performance and effectiveness of these groups will have a direct affect on the organisation they are involved with. Content There are two types of groups formal and informal. Formal groups are created by the organisation and are intentionally designed to direct members. Informal groups develop naturally amongst organisations personnel without any direction from the management. (Greenberg, J & Baron, R. A. 1997) According to Tuckman and Jenson (1977) there are 5 stages to group development. 1. Forming. In this stage the group is formed, members meet and ground rules are set out. Failure of the group even at this early stage to clarify goals and objectives can lead to the group not working at maximum efficiency (Tuckman and Jenson 1977). 2. Storming. In this stage the group show conflict and resist control from group leaders. (Tuckman and Jenson 1977) â€Å"The good relationships and acceptance of the leadership helps the group perform well.† (Greenberg & Baron 1997) When an organisation creates a group, the leader has to be chosen not only considering the needs of the task but also the members of the group. Failure of a leader to recognise the needs of his group members could lead to a drop in...

It Isnt About Luck

It Isnt About Luck You were lucky to have FundsforWriters to sell your books. I dont have that luxury. I hear this so much, in one version or another. First of all, there is no serious luck in this business. Its a matter of constantly putting yourself out there in terms of writing, publishing, appearing, working social media, fighting to be current, taking chances. There is no one right way or best way, only the way that happens to work for you at that moment in time. Frankly, I started FundsforWriters because I could NOT sell my mysteries. I wanted to be a writer and make an income from writing, so I figured any sort of reputable recognition could only help me in becoming a professional writer. As someone who loved stringing words, I walked through whatever door opened for me, wrote whatever might help me take one step further in my career. However, I had my conditions and parameters in who I wrote for and what I wrote and how I proceeded: 1) Markets had to pay. Even as a beginner, I recognized that being paid mattered not only in my pocketbook but also in the eyes of editors I pitched. They knew who paid and who didnt, and that mattered in their judgment of me. I wrote a column once for nothing, hoping to aid my resume, but after several issues, when the editor still could not afford to pay, I stepped away. And I learned that nobody cared that Id written that column. 2) I had to build and retain a following. I couldnt just write and build up credits. I had to have someplace to flaunt those credits (website, then social media) and some means to retain those people who read my work and liked it (newsletter). 3) Repetition matters. I wanted to become Google-able, which meant frequent and reputable appearances. If I wasnt on the first page of a Google search for my name, I strived to submit to enough magazines, websites, newsletters, and blogs to improve my search ranking. A book a year wasnt going to work. 4) Quality matters. Its a given that your writing quality matters, but be careful where you make your appearances. I wish I knew way back when what I know now about that. I wouldve been a tad more selective in some instances as to whom I wrote for. You might be new. You might be a struggling mid-lister. You might be seasoned and coming back into the fold, trying to remain pertinent. Fight to present yourself as strong, diligent, and reliable. Keep putting yourself out there, but dont give it away. People will respect you so much more.

Legal and Practical Aspects of Islamic Securitisation Essay

Legal and Practical Aspects of Islamic Securitisation - Essay Example The term â€Å"Islamic finance† is a recent invention having only appeared in the middle of the 1980s. Previously, any commercial activities that complied with Islam was referred to as â€Å"interest free† or â€Å"Islamic banking†. The impetus for establishing Islamic financial systems grew out of perceptions on the part of many Muslims that they existed in an essentially hostile â€Å"non-Muslim environment.† Spurred by the increase in rich oil resources during the 1973 – 1974 after a global oil crisis, oil producing Muslim countries were encouraged to implement innovative financial tools that closely resembled those used by Western businesses. In more recent times, Islamic Banking and Finance initiatives have expanded at a rapid rate throughout Muslim countries and in non-Muslim countries with large Muslim populations. As a result, Islamic Banking and Finance is gaining currency in significant Western businesses. This is an interesting and unique development given that Islamic finance is governed by the Shariah and as such is not a universal concept. The fact is the Shariah or Islamic law governs all daily activities of Muslims. From a financial perspective, the Shariah governs not only how capital can be acquired but also how it can be discharged. While wealth may be acquired, it may only be acquired by methods that are fair to all participants.

ANALYZE THE CORPORATE STRATEGY AND OPERATING ENVIRONMENT Essay

ANALYZE THE CORPORATE STRATEGY AND OPERATING ENVIRONMENT - Essay Example A business responds to its operating environment through the corporate strategy. Strategies need to be monitored with care with regular reviews and adjustments to make sure that they are focused on the accomplishment of organizational objectives. They involve the utilization of human resources and finances in a particular period of time through a comprehensive scheme that is targeted at achieving the business corporate goal. This paper is a critical analysis of the corporate strategy and operating environment. HRM actions that can improve the organization’s effectiveness have been discussed. Factors that can affect the operations of the business in a foreign country in comparison to the U.S. have been highlighted. There are several HRM actions that can contribute to the company being more effective and efficient. These include; flexible working, career development through training and upgrading the skills of supervisors. Flexibility can be achieved through various ways. These include policies on flexible hours. Flexibility of working hours allows fulfillment amongst the employees within the place of work as well as outside. This is usually beneficial to the business through improved productivity amongst the employees, which is attributed to job satisfaction. The employees are able to take care of family obligations as well as those of the work place (Bratton, and Gold, 2007). In that state, it is most likely that they will be more productive than working under tight schedules that do not allow them to take any other responsibility outside the paid work. The needs of employees towards work life balance are specific to individuals. These usually depend on the age, marital status, gender and oth er such factors (Bach, 2005). High productivity in employees is attributed to job satisfaction. Productivity in employees results when managers ensure flexibility in their objectives and careful analysis

My daughter smokes Essay Example for Free

My daughter smokes Essay We often think that refering people to supporting groups is enough to quit smoking, however how about if instead we educate them so that they wont even start smoking as walker mention peace on earth begins at home, meaning that we need to educate our children and surrounding about smoking and its concecuenses. Smoking not only causes health problems, it can also cause economic problems, and can harm those around you. Smoking can have many negative impacts regarding your health it can cause bronchitis, pneumonia, and emphysema. According to the center for disease control and prevention smoking causes 1 in 5 strokes in the United States, Menaning that a person that smokes has a higher risk of having a painful and agonizing death compare to a non-smoker person. Smoking can harm not only you but also those arounfd you. People who smoke in public make choicea for others. for example, when you smoke around a 5 year old tou are basically making a choice for them making them a second hand smoker. Also, when you start suffering smoking consequences you dont do it alone because you family will suffer along with you. In addition, smoking can not only cause health problems but economically as well. A packet of cigarettes cost o8.75 an avarage smoker smokes about 2 packets a day, which will make an average of 3200 to 6400 per year.this money can be used for food and or clothing. Also, because of the health problems that smoking will cause, smokers smokers will have to spend a alot of money on health care. In conclusion, we need to educate our familiar, and friends regarding smoking. Smoking its a very additive habit that will make you nicoti e dependent. Therefore when you try to quit it comes with withdrawal symptoms, to avoid withdrawal symtomps from smoking the best choice is to never start. Smoking will not only damege your health it will also damage you economically, and also thos around you.

Alcoholism Should Not Be Viewed As A Disease :: essays research papers fc

Most people have a confused idea of alcoholism as a disease that invades or attacks your good health. Use of such a strong word such as "disease" shapes the values and attitudes of society towards alcoholics. A major implication of the disease concept is that what is labeled a "disease" is held to be justifiable because it is involuntary. This is not so. Problem drinking is a habit in which the so-called "alcoholic" simply has decided that the benefits of drinking outweigh the liabilities; it is all a matter of personal choice. An alcoholic participates in or causes many of their own problems by their behavior and the decisions they make, so why should they be viewed as helpless victims of a "disease"(Skipper 1)? Alcoholism should not be viewed as a disease, but as an addiction brought about by the alcoholic's personal choices. What is wrong with disease theories as science is that they are tautologies; they avoid the work of understanding why people drink. People seek specific, essential human experiences from their addictive involvement. They can come to depend on such an involvement for these experiences until -- in the extreme -- the involvement is totally consuming and potentially destructive (Peele 146). The idea that alcoholism is a "disease", which is only typified by the loss of control, was only sanctioned by the American Medical Association in 1956 (Wilbanks 39). The AMA gives the following definition for alcoholism: " Alcoholism is an illness characterized by preoccupation with alcohol and loss of control over its consumption, such as to lead usually to intoxication if drinking; by chronicity, by progression and by a tendency toward relapse. It is typically associated with physical disability and impaired emotional, occupational and/or social adjustments as a direct consequence of persistent excessive use (Langone 27)". This meant that an alcoholic could now get help in a hospital, just as a person with a real disease such as diabetes or leukemia would . Moreover, the use of the words "loss of control" make it seem as though the alcoholic's free will has just been ripped away from him. On the contrary, there is no evidence that the will of the drinker has been overpowered. Besides labeling alcoholism as a disease, the AMA has also done a huge error in stating that alcoholism causes people to lose control over the consumption of alcohol. This will only negate the fact that the amount of alcohol consumed and if it is consumed at all is completely up to the drinker, not an inevitable disease that overpowers your free will.

On Education-Emerson Essay

Imaging you are the only person at a concert; now imaging yourself surrounded by other who are just as enthusiastic about the concert as you are. One may give you a certain aspect of importance, while the other could make you feel like you belong to something bigger than yourself. The situation you prefer ultimately depends on your personality, that is to say, you as an individual. Present day America has become just that, a large gathering center for individuals from all corners of the globe; the great â€Å"melting pot of the world† to say the least. With all the diversity of unique talents, ideals, beliefs, and traditions that can be found outside one’s front-door step, a few questions arise: why is individualism not sought after and praised in today’s curriculum instead of being generalized into groups as one usually is? Likewise, is our current system of education preparing young minds to be conformists while slowly killing the individual? Ralph Waldo Emerson, one of the foremost intellectuals of the nineteenth century, theorized about an education system structured around the importance of the individual as its main foundation. Emerson believed that â€Å"our modes of Education aim to expedite, to save labor; to do for the masses what cannot be done for masses, what must be done reverently, one by one: say rather, the whole world is needed for the tuition of each pupil†. To put it differently, he believed the pupil may benefit more from personalized curriculums than from an education system aimed to teach by the masses to save money, time, and labor. In my opinion, from seeing the problems with our current Education system, I feel partially inclined to agree with Emerson and his idea to distance the education system from â€Å"teaching by the masses† and focus more on the individual For one, I firmly believe that today’s education system is more focused meeting the states standards and less focused on the student itself. The amount of standards an educator has to cover over the course of the year makes it nearly impossible to make individually customized teaching plans, thus the introduction of a curriculum in which everyone learns and works at the same pace. This can come at a steep price because although exposing every student to the same lesson demonstrates fairness and indiscrimination, it may also have negative repercussions on the young and inexperienced mind. In an education system like this, the individual is not valued because he is not seen as one student but generalized and group with other, whether it is by age or grade level. In the classroom for example, we are taught the basic knowledge context that everyone is expected to know, very rarely do we see any encouragement for those who want to dive in depth into a subject or personalized assistance for those who desperately need it. From my own experienced, I have always yearned to learn more about subjects I was interested in but if one cannot do that, then going to school becomes a chore. Statistics show that 8,300 high school students drop out each day (â€Å"High†). According to Buzzfeed, an online website, one of the top 5 reasons High School Students drop out is because they start finding classes uninteresting and the same can be said for college student. When the classes get dull they start centering their life’s around their jobs and eventually drop out to go in the pursuit of money. We have statistics and the reasons for the large amount of dropout backing up the fact that there is something wrong with today’s education system, yet appropriate measures to adjust the education system aren’t being made; the personal interest and curiosity of the student are not being met to inspire ones desire for knowledge. In addition to the lack of time, the reason for why individuality is not valued is due in part to the poor teacher-to-student ratio which does not do the creative mind just. Everyone needs space to think; however, we seem to be cramming in as many students as we can into one classroom, widening the teacher-to-student ration even further. One cannot master the lesson at hand if there is still a â€Å"shaky† foundation from the previous lesson due to the lack of sufficient assistance. With the fast pace that is required to meet all the requirements set forth by the United States, educators have little or no time to teach and assist those individuals who are in desperate need of attention, while at the same time neglecting to encourage, stimulate, and challenge those who fully grasp the material. The curriculum just doesn’t allow enough room for a student to show his creativity or stand out as an individual. Is it just to teach the same material to someone who learns at a slower pace and expect him to keep up with someone who is naturally inclined to that topic? Most would say no, yet this is precisely what the education system is doing. Consequently and perhaps more importantly, by doing so we may also be pushing one student too much while holding another individual back. I am afraid that in an attempt to educate everyone, we may be putting the individual at risk. Our current education systems have failed to comprehend that every individual is different and there is no one way to teach everyone. In short, we may be better off, as Emerson believes, to leave our traditional ways of teachings and focus on the individual. Furthermore, in my opinion the current curriculum is promoting conformism by establishing certain guidelines that encourage us to stay within the â€Å"normal† knowledge one should know. This strictness towards what is taught and what is not, what is acceptable and what is not allowed may be killing the young minds creativity and curiosity for knowledge. In essence, creating a system in which â€Å"going with the flow† is acceptable, may be leading you into a lifestyle of mediocrity. One does not have to go far to find conformism being taught at a very young age. For instance, look at your local preschool center. At an early age one is taught to walk into the classroom in a line, almost military-like, sit down and face the board like everyone else, and are even encouraged to suppress ones true desires and pretend to pay attention to the instructor. At an age where creativity and imagination is in its prime, the curriculum is already teaching one to stay within the lines while they color and goes as far as to indicate what color a certain object or person should be. What happens when a student chooses to color an object a different color? More than likely he is not praised for his creativity and his decision to stand out as an individual but scolded for not following instructions. The current curriculum might be trying to teach them disciplined but It is also preaching the idea that he is more valued when he â€Å"goes with the flow† than when he stands on his own. Is it not those that defy the â€Å"norms† who create the foundation for new styles and those few who think â€Å"outside the box† who move our society forward yet that sort of thinking is not promoted in the curriculum. I take a look at myself, and my college experience and notice conformism is a real issue. I see fellow peers do the minimum required of the instructor to pass the class, with no intent to learn anything more than what is required; they have no aspiration to exceed their past grades and are perfectly comfortable being average. Very rarely does one see someone who is well-rounded in a specific subject go out of their way and learn more than what the instructor covered. Even to someone like me, who prefers to stand out as an individual, waiting till next week to learn something as a class sounds more tantalizing than researching on my own. When the thinking, as to when one will be exposed to information, is done for us there is little to motivate us to take learning into hour own hands: â€Å"people who blindly follow rules are going along with the crowd and conforming. They are doing what’s easiest and avoiding challenge and having to think† (Harrison). By not going out of our way of the normal â€Å"flow† of life and society we may be condemning ourselves to a mediocre lifestyle. James Cooper once said, â€Å"All greatness of character is dependent on individuality. The man who has no other existence than that which he partakes in common with all around him, will never have any other than existence of mediocrity†(cooper 1). Overall, I believe that by having a general curriculum dictating when and how we learn, we may be more inclined to be satisfied with mediocrity and in turn conform to the â€Å"norms† of society. In conclusion, I strongly agree with the belief that educating the masses means slighting the individual (Emerson). The current Education system was intended to teach the masses, with respectable and admirable intents, but the system may have come too far and established an environment where creativity and individualism is a rare sight to see. There are some deep concerns with â€Å"teaching the masses† that I believe should be dealt with immediately if one wishes to move along as a society and bring to the world a new era of radical and critical thinker; that is to say, people who challenge and change the way we view the world. First off, the education system should allow for a sufficient margin of time so the educator may make certain adjustment to the curriculum based on the necessity of the students at that moment. Enough time is needed so the pupil may learn his natural pace and build his knowledge on a strong foundation. As for the intellectuals in the classroom, they should be given special modifications to the curriculum that may continue to challenge and grab his interest. Secondly, in an education system where everyone is taught the same, the speed and expectations of the classroom will almost always be that of the slowest person. This may be problematic because when you live your life doing only average work, you will conform to the idea that mediocrity is acceptable and life a life of mediocrity; never realizing your true otential. With all things considered, the ideal education system is one where its main focus is not inclined towards completing the curriculum, but one where teaching for the masses can inspire creativity in the individual by collaboration and competition with fellow peers. Overall, I agree with Emerson and I find it absolutely necessary for the education system to slowly distance itself from our present day curriculum and start focusing more on the individual to promote creat ivity and individuality.

Describe a setting in which you have collaborated

AS you grow up you are going to meet a variety of different people. Every person you meet are not going to have the same views on life as you are . 1 came to realize that when my close friend Bianca and I disagreed on the topic going to college. Bianca and I have been friends since freshman year. Surprisely we never brought up the topic of college until senior year. One day I decided to start looking at colleges online to get an idea about where I wanted to go.AS I browse through colleges on College Board Bianca called me yelling and screaming about the new preview of teen wolf season 2. I was excited too but at the time I really wasn't focus on that. I was more focus on what school I wanted to attend. I decided to ask Bianca what college she wanted to go too. To my disbelief she said she wasn't going to college. I was astonished because she was such a smart and bright student. College also is such a big thing in my family.After high school that's where you were expected to go. I ask Bianca why she didn't want to go to college she replied saying because nobody in her family has ever gone to college. Everyone in her family was expected to work and most of all her family couldn't afford it. We continue talking more and more about college. I convinced her to go because its alot of programs out there to help her to go to college almost or even free. Education is so important.It would help her to get ere dream career of becoming a nurse. As she thought about it she said she was going to take everything we talked about into consideration. At first I was astonished by the fact one of my closet friends that I known since freshman year said she wasn't attending college. Then I came to realize that everyone comes from different backgrounds and have different views on things. In the end I convinced Bianca to attend college and education is important. This fall semester we will be roommates

Aftermath of World War 1 - Treaty of Versailles

Aftermath of World War 1 - Treaty of Versailles The World Comes to Paris In the wake of the November 11, 1918 armistice which ended hostilities on the Western Front, Allied leaders gathered in Paris to begin negotiations over the peace treaties that would formally conclude the war. Convening in the Salle de lHorloge at the French Foreign Ministry on January 18, 1919, the talks initially included leaders and representatives from over thirty nations. To this crowd was added a host of journalists and lobbyists from a variety of causes. While this unwieldy mass took part in the early meetings, it was President Woodrow Wilson of the United States, Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Britain, Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau of France, and Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando of Italy who came to dominate the talks. As defeated nations, Germany, Austria, and Hungary were prohibited from attending, as was Bolshevik Russia which was in the midst of a civil war. Wilsons Goals Arriving in Paris, Wilson became the first president to travel to Europe while in office. The basis for Wilsons position at the conference was his Fourteen Points which had been instrumental in securing the armistice. Key among these was freedom of the seas, equality of trade, arms limitation, self-determination of peoples, and the formation of the League of Nations to mediate future disputes. Believing that he had an obligation to be a prominent figure at the conference, Wilson endeavored to create a more open and liberal world where democracy and liberty would be respected. French Concerns for the Conference While Wilson sought a softer peace for Germany, Clemenceau and the French wished to permanently weaken their neighbor economically and militarily. In addition to the return of Alsace-Lorraine, which had been taken by Germany following the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), Clemenceau argued in favor of heavy war reparations and the separation of the Rhineland to create buffer state between France and Germany. Furthermore, Clemenceau sought British and American assurances of aid should Germany ever attack France. The British Approach While Lloyd George supported the need for war reparations, his goals for the conference were more specific than his American and French allies. Concerned first and foremost for the preservation of the British Empire, Lloyd George sought to settle territorial issues, ensure the security of France, and remove the threat of the German High Seas Fleet. While he favored the formation of the League of Nations, he discouraged Wilsons call for self-determination as it could adversely affect Britains colonies. Italys Goals The weakest of the four major victorious powers, Italy sought to ensure that it received the territory that it had been promised by the Treaty of London in 1915. This largely consisted of the Trentino, Tyrol (including Istria and Trieste), and the Dalmatian coast excluding Fiume. Heavy Italian losses and a severe budget deficit as a result of the war led to a belief that these concessions had been earned. During the talks in Paris, Orlando was constantly hampered by his inability to speak English. The Negotiations For the early part of the conference, many of the key decisions were made by the Council of Ten which was comprised of the leaders and foreign ministers of the United States, Britain, France, Italy, and Japan. In March, it was decided that this body was too unwieldy to be effective. As a result, many of the foreign ministers and nations left conference, with talks continuing between Wilson, Lloyd George, Clemenceau, and Orlando. Key among the departures was Japan, whose emissaries were angered by a lack of respect and the conferences unwillingness to adopt a racial equality clause for the Covenant of the League of Nations. The group shrank further when the Italy was offered Trentino to the Brenner, the Dalmatian port of Zara, the island of Lagosta, and a few small German colonies in lieu of what was originally promised. Irate over this and the groups unwillingness to give Italy Fiume, Orlando departed Paris and returned home. As the talks progressed, Wilson was increasingly unable to garner acceptance of his Fourteen Points. In an effort to appease the American leader, Lloyd George and Clemenceau consented to the formation of the League of Nations. With several of the participants goals conflicting, the talks moved slowly and ultimately produced a treaty which failed to please any of the nations involved. On April 29, a German delegation, led by Foreign Minister Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff-Rantzau, was summoned to Versailles to receive the treaty. Upon learning of the content, the Germans protested that they had not been allowed to participate in the talks. Deeming the treatys terms a violation of honor, they withdrew from the proceedings. Terms of the Treaty of Versailles The conditions imposed upon Germany by the Treaty of Versailles were severe and wide-ranging. Germanys military was to be limited to 100,000 men, while the once formidable Kaiserliche Marine was reduced to no more than six battleships (not to exceed 10,000 tons), 6 cruisers, 6 destroyers, and 12 torpedo boats. In addition, production of military aircraft, tanks, armored cars, and poison gas was prohibited. Territorially, Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France, while numerous other changes reduced Germanys size. Key among these was the loss of West Prussia to the new nation of Poland while Danzig was made a free city to ensure Polish access to the sea. The province of Saarland was transferred to League of Nations control for a period of fifteen years. At the end of this period, a plebiscite was to determine whether it returned to Germany or was made part of France. Financially, Germany was issued a war reparations bill totaling  £6.6 billion (later reduced to  £4.49 billion in 1921). This number was determined by the Inter-Allied Reparations Commission. While Wilson took a more conciliatory view on this issue, Lloyd George had worked to increase the demanded amount. The reparations required by the treaty included not only money, but a variety of goods such as steel, coal, intellectual property, and agricultural produce. This mixed approach was an effort to prevent hyperinflation in postwar Germany which would decrease the value of the reparations. Several legal restrictions were also imposed, most notably Article 231 which laid sole responsibility for the war on Germany. A controversial part of the treaty, its inclusion had been opposed by Wilson and it became known as the War Guilt Clause. Part 1 of the treaty formed the Covenant of the League of Nations which was to govern the new international organization. German Reaction Signing In Germany, the treaty provoked universal outrage, particularly Article 231. Having concluded the armistice in expectation of a treaty embodying the Fourteen Points, Germans took to the streets in protest. Unwilling to sign it, the nations first democratically-elected chancellor, Philipp Scheidemann, resigned on June 20 forcing Gustav Bauer to form a new coalition government. Assessing his options, Bauer was soon informed that army was not capable of offering meaningful resistance. Lacking any other options, he dispatched Foreign Minister Hermann Mà ¼ller and Johannes Bell to Versailles. The treaty was signed in the Hall of Mirrors, where the German Empire had been proclaimed in 1871, on June 28. It was ratified by the National Assembly on July 9. Allied Reaction to the Treaty Upon release of the terms, many in France were displeased and believed that Germany had been treated too leniently. Among those who commented was Marshal Ferdinand Foch who predicted with eerie precision that This is not Peace. It is an Armistice for twenty years. As a result of their displeasure, Clemenceau was voted out of office in January 1920. While the treaty was better received in London, it ran into strong opposition in Washington. The Republican chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, worked vigorously to block its ratification. Believing that Germany had been let off too easily, Lodge also opposed the United States participation in the League of Nations on constitutional grounds. As Wilson had intentionally excluded Republicans from his peace delegation and refused to consider Lodges changes to the treaty, the opposition found strong support in Congress. Despite Wilsons efforts and appeals to the public, the Senate voted against the tr eaty on November 19, 1919. The US formally made peace through the Knox-Porter Resolution which was passed in 1921. Though Wilsons League of Nations moved forward, it did so without American participation and never became an effective arbiter of world peace. The Map Changed While the Treaty of Versailles ended conflict with Germany, the Treaties of Saint-German and Trianon concluded the war with Austria and Hungary. With the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire a wealth of new nations took shape in addition to the separation of Hungary and Austria. Key among these was Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. To the north, Poland emerged as an independent state as did Finland, Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania. In the east, the Ottoman Empire made peace through the Treaties of Sà ¨vres and Lausanne. Long the sick man of Europe, the Ottoman Empire was reduced in size to Turkey, while France and Britain were given mandates over Syria, Mesopotamia, and Palestine. Having aided the aided in defeating the Ottomans, the Arabs were given their own state to the south. A Stab in the Back As the postwar Germany (Weimer Republic) moved forward, resentment over the end of the war and the Treaty of Versailles continued to fester. This coalesced in the stab-in-the back legend which stated that Germanys defeat was not the fault of the military but rather due to a lack of support at home from anti-war politicians and the sabotaging of the war effort by Jews, Socialists, and Bolsheviks. As such, these parties were seen to have stabbed the military in the back as it fought the Allies. The myth was given further credence by the fact that German forces had won the war on the Eastern Front and were still on French and Belgian soil when the armistice was signed. Resonating among conservatives, nationalists, and former-military, the concept became a powerful motivating force and was embraced by the emerging National Socialist Party (Nazis). This resentment, coupled with the economic collapse of Germany due to reparation-caused hyperinflation during the 1920s, facilitated the rise of the Nazis to power under Adolf Hitler. As such, the Treaty of Versailles may be seen as leading to many of the causes of World War II in Europe. As Foch had feared, the treaty simply served as a twenty-year armistice with World War II beginning in 1939.

The Medias 5 Most Tired Asian American Stereotypes

The Medias 5 Most Tired Asian American Stereotypes Asian Americans are the fastest-growing racial group in the United States, but in Hollywood, theyre often invisible or subject to old, tired stereotypes. Stereotypes in the media are especially harmful given that the Asian American community is woefully underrepresented on the large and small screen alike. â€Å"Only 3.8 percent of all television and theatrical roles were portrayed by Asian Pacific Islander actors in 2008, compared to 6.4 percent portrayed by Latino actors, 13.3 percent portrayed by African Americans and 72.5 percent portrayed by Caucasian actors,† according to the Screen Actors Guild. Because of this imbalance, Asian American actors have few opportunities to counteract sweeping generalizations about their racial group. In reality, Asian Americans are far more than the geeks and geishas Hollywood would have you believe. Dragon Ladies Since the days of early Hollywood, Asian American women have played â€Å"dragon ladies.† These female characters tend to be physically attractive but domineering and underhanded. Ultimately, they can’t be trusted. Chinese-American actress Anna May Wong played a series of these roles in the 1920s and contemporary actress Lucy Liu has more recently been accused of popularizing the stereotype. Wong temporarily left the United States to act in European films where she could escape being typecast as a dragon lady in Hollywood films. â€Å"I was so tired of the parts I had to play,† Wong explained in a 1933 interview quoted by the Los Angeles Times. â€Å"Why is it that the screen Chinese is nearly always the villain of the piece, and so cruel a villain- murderous, treacherous, a snake in the grass? We are not like that. †¦ We have our own virtues. We have our rigid code of behavior, of honor. Why do they never show these on the screen? Why should we always scheme, rob, kill?† Kung Fu Fighters When Bruce Lee became a superstar in the U.S. after the success of his 1973 film â€Å"Enter the Dragon,† the Asian American community largely took pride in his fame. In the film, Lee wasn’t portrayed as a buck-toothed imbecile, as Asian Americans had been portrayed in films such as â€Å"Breakfast at Tiffany’s.† Instead, he was strong and dignified. But before long, Hollywood began to portray all Asian Americans as martial arts experts. â€Å"So now the flipside of stereotyping is that every Asian American actor is expected to know some form of martial arts,† Tisa Chang, director of the Pan Asian Repertory Theatre in New York, told ABC News. â€Å"Any casting person will say, ‘Well, do you do some martial arts?’† Since Bruce Lee’s death, Asian performers such as Jackie Chan and Jet Li have become stars in the U.S. due to their martial arts backgrounds. Geeks Asian Americans are often portrayed as geeks and technical whizzes. Not only does this stereotype surface in television shows and films but also in commercials. The Washington Post has pointed out that Asian Americans are often portrayed as technologically savvy people in ads for corporations such as Verizon, Staples, and IBM. â€Å"When Asian Americans appear in advertising, they typically are presented as the technological experts- knowledgeable, savvy, perhaps mathematically adept or intellectually gifted,† the Post reported. â€Å"They’re most often shown in ads for business-oriented or technical products- smartphones, computers, pharmaceuticals, electronic gear of all kinds.† These commercials play on existing stereotypes about Asians being intellectually and technologically superior to Westerners. Foreigners Although people of Asian descent have lived in the United States since the 1800s, Asian Americans are often portrayed as perpetual foreigners. Like Latinos, Asians in television and film often speak accented English, suggesting that they’re recent immigrants to the country. These portrayals ignore that the United States is home to generation after generation of Asian Americans. They also set up Asian Americans to be stereotyped in real life. Asian Americans often complain about how often they get asked, â€Å"Where are you from- originally?† or complimented for speaking good English when they’ve spent their entire lives in the United States. Prostitutes Asian women have routinely been featured as prostitutes and sex workers in Hollywood. The line â€Å"Me love you long time,† spoken by a Vietnamese sex worker to U.S. soldiers in the 1987 film â€Å"Full Metal Jacket,† is arguably the most famous cinematic example of an Asian woman willing to sexually debase herself for white men. â€Å"There we have the promiscuous API woman stereotype: The one in which the Asian woman wants to have sex, willing to do anything, with the white man,† wrote Tony Le in Pacific Ties magazine. â€Å"The stereotype has taken many forms, from Lotus Blossom to Miss Saigon.† Le said that 25 years of â€Å"me love you long time† jokes endure. According to the TV Tropes website, the Asian prostitute stereotype dates back to the 1960s and ’70s, when U.S. military involvement in Asia heightened. In addition to â€Å"Full Metal Jacket,† films such as â€Å"The World of Suzie Wong† notoriously featured an Asian prostitute whose love for a white man is unrequited. â€Å"Law Order: SVU† also routinely depicts Asian women as prostitutes and mail-order brides.

The Rationale behind the Separation of Powers in the Australian Essay

The Rationale behind the Separation of Powers in the Australian Political System - Essay Example Almost all of them believe that the powers must be exercised by three distinct branches, namely, an executive, a legislature, and a judiciary. The rationale for this separation of powers is in part due to the assumption that it is wise for distinct powers to be used in distinct ways. Nevertheless, most significantly, the separation of powers is a means of regulating power, of preventing any single branch from becoming unduly powerful (Sharma and Sharma, 2000). Moreover, different nations have different thoughts on how to divide these three major government powers. It is not possible for one branch to become fully independent from the others because all belong to a single government. This essay argues that Australia’s partial separation of powers ensures a strong checks-and-balances mechanism and a rigid preclusion of authoritarianism. Overview The separation of the legislature, executive, and judiciary is a constitutional model that is rooted in the assumption that government is more effective if the various areas of governing are scattered among various entities that continue to be independent from each other. Advocates of the assumption normally recognise three government functions, namely, (1) law making, (2) law implementation, and (3) law interpretation-- which are the legislature, executive, and the judiciary, respectively (Smith, Vromen and Cook, 2006). Within the separation of powers, the autonomy of all the government branches is usually safeguarded by an established constitution, in order that no independent branch can lawfully infringe upon the powers of the others. In addition, according to Winterton (2006), such separation is established by prerequisites that constituents of one governmental institution cannot concurrently work in another institution and by safeguarding the term of constituents of one institution from intrusion by another institution. A prominent French scholar, Montesquieu, perfectly illustrated the rationale of the princip le of separation of powers (Sharma and Sharma, 2000, p. 548): â€Å"[T]here is no liberty, if the judiciary power be not separated from the legislative and executive. Were it joined with the legislative, the life and liberty of the subject would be exposed to arbitrary control; for the judge would be then the legislator. Were it joined to the executive power, the judge might behave with violence and oppression. There would be the end of everything, were the same man or the same body, whether of the nobles or of the people, to exercise these three powers, that of enacting laws, that of executing the public resolutions, and of trying the causes of individuals.† The separation of powers is a very old concept; nevertheless, it obtains its current importance from the contemporary interest in regulating governmental powers. Political scholars assumed that the public could be shielded from too much government power if the executive’s decisions had to be approved by an autonom ous legislature and may be questioned in autonomous courts. The contemporary form of separation of powers can hence be viewed as originating mainly from ‘liberalism’ instead of ‘democracy’ (Winterton 2006). Proponents of democracy at times claim that the law is supposed to represent people’s will, instead of representing a more intricate structure of separation of powers (Sharma and Sharma, 2000). In actual fact, political structures differ in the degree to which they divide powers and in the processes by which separation is attained. Contemporary liberal democratic regimes are influenced by the separation of powers principle. The separation of the three branches is a constitutional way of mitigating the existing difficulties of guaranteeing democratic governance. It contributes to a better

Criminolgy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Criminolgy - Essay Example These diverse punishments will be examined in this paper. Traditional methods of punishment have â€Å"individual outcome goals of incapacitation, retribution, rehabilitation, and deterrence† (Osler, 253). Normally this means prison and monetary retribution. An example of a traditional method of punishment for larceny could be the amount stolen as the amount of restitution and two years in jail. This depends on the amount stolen. Most crimes have traditional methods of punishments, especially for violent crimes and repeat offenders. Violent crimes and repeat offenders are normally placed in prison to segregate the offender from society. Traditional methods of punishment fall into two categories. The first is judicial discretion. All crimes have traditional guidelines. For example, a first time drug conviction can have guidelines for one to ten years. That means the judge can sentence the defendant up to ten years and no more. The sentence is up to the judge. Mandatory sentences are sentences that the judge has to pass upon conviction. An example of mandatory sentencing is California’s three strikes. If a felon is convicted of three strikes or felonies, then they are sentenced to life in prison. The judge has to convict the felon to life, no matter what circumstances, or mitigating factors. The first category of traditional methods of punishment is preferred by defense attorneys. Mitigating factors can be considered when a judge has discretion. Examples of mitigating factors are battered woman syndrome, child abuse, passion, and poverty. While these factors might not sway every judge, some judges can be swayed. Susan Smith is a good example of a judge letting mitigating circumstances influences his decision. Smith was convicted of killing her two sons. However after learning Smith had been molested as a child and her father’s suicide, the judge sentenced her to life instead of death. When a judge has discretion,

Philosophy of business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Philosophy of business law - Essay Example On the other hand, in contra of those arguments are that privacy isn't an issue where legal status is concerned. Searches are not unreasonable to the police if they turn up something illegal. Unwarranted searches can be legal with reasonable suspicion that something illegal is taking place. Profiling is just a way for the police to keep abreast of developing situations. Rights can be violated, however, to stop the law from being broken, which is what the argument might be. The Constitutional basis for objections filed by the state AG's would be that not everyone wants or needs health care. This violates a person's right to freedom as guaranteed by the First Amendment. Their liberty is in jeopardy as well. If the U.S. were to be represented, their best defense would be that every American needs health care because it is a Constitutionally guaranteed right. The Supreme Court should rule that health care is mandatory, and that without it, people would be in dire straights. The client in the case where he is selling wood does not have a sound basis for overturning the DNR regulation.

Understanding Fatigue and the Implications for Worker Safety

Understanding Fatigue and the Implications for Worker Safety Introduction Workplace safety requires a systematic approach that includes an understanding of risk factors and identification of hazards. Worker fatigue has been identified as a risk factor for both acute and cumulative injuries. Fatigue and incomplete recovery can lead to decreased capacity that can result in an increased risk of injury and a decline in work efficiency (Kumar 2001, de Looze, Bosch, and van Dieà «n 2009, Visser and van Dieà «n 2006). In addition, fatigue contributes to accidents, injuries and death (Williamson et al. 2011). Over $300 million in lost productivity time in US workplaces can be tied to fatigue. Significantly reducing the incidence of fatigue-induced workplace injuries and lost productivity depends on the accurate and timely detection of fatigue to allow for appropriate intervention. Although the term fatigue is commonly used, it has come to refer to many concepts in occupational safety and health. In order to manage and mitigate fatigue and the associated risks, it is essential to understand the different types and components. Fatigue is generally accepted as resulting in the impairment of capacity or performance as a result of work. However, fatigue is multidimensional, either acute or chronic, whole body or muscle level, physical or mental, central or peripheral. In addition, it includes a decline in objective performance, as well as perceptions of fatigue. Of added importance are the roles of sleep and circadian function. Each of these aspects of fatigue do not occur in isolation, but interact to modify worker capacity and injury risk. Both mental and physical fatigue can result in poor decision making, which may result in an acute injury (Williamson et al. 2011). The risk of injury is dependent on both the injury mechanism and the characteristics of the work being performed. Parameters of importance in the development of fatigue, and subsequent risk, include the length of time-on-task between breaks, work pace, and the timing of rest breaks (Williamson et al. 2011). Researchers have postulated that through delineation of the quantitative details of relevant variables, appropriate interventions and injury control can be developed (Kumar 2001). How to best quantify workplace conditions, particularly physical exposures experienced by the worker, remains an open research question (Kim and Nussbaum 2012). Current approaches to fatigue monitoring and detection often rely either on fitness-for-duty tests to determine whether the worker has sufficient capacity prior to start work, monitoring of sleep habits, or intrusive monitoring of brain activation (using electroencephalography (EEG)) (Balkin et al. 2011) or changes in local muscle fatigue (using electromyography (EMG)) (Dong, Ugaldey, and El Saddik 2014). While there is no single standard measurement of fatigue, there are numerous subjective measurement scales and objective measurement techniques that can be adapted for workplace use. Recent advances in wearable technologies also present an opportun ity for real-time and in-the-field assessment of fatigue development. Why should we care about fatigue? Fatigue in the workplace is often described as a multidimensional process, which results in a diminishing of worker performance. It results from prolonged activity, and is associated with psychological, socioeconomic and environmental factors (Barker and Nussbaum 2011, Yung 2016). From an occupational health and safety perspective, fatigue must be managed and controlled since it has significant short-term and long-term implications. In the short-term, fatigue can result in discomfort, diminished motor control, and reduced strength capacity (Bjà ¶rklund et al. 2000, Cà ´tà © et al. 2005, Huysmans et al. 2010). These effects might lead to reduced performance, lowered productivity, deficits in work quality, and increased incidence of accidents and human errors (Yung 2016). Fatigue can also result in longer term adverse health outcomes, including, e.g., chronic fatigue syndrome (Yung 2016) and reduced immune function (Kajimoto 2008). It can be seen as a precursor to work-related muscu loskeletal disorders (WMSDs) (Iridiastadi and Nussbaum 2006). These outcomes have been associated with future morbidity and mortality, work disability, occupational accidents, increased absenteeism, increased presenteeism, unemployment, reduced quality of life, and disruptive effects on social relationships and activities (Yung 2016). The safety impacts of fatigue are best evidenced in the transportation domain. In the U.S., an estimated 32,675 people died in motor vehicle crashes in 2014 (2015a). In 2013 there were 342,000 reported truck crashes that resulted in 3,964 fatalities and ~95,000 injuries (2015b). While these crashes often result from several factors, it is estimated that driver-related factors are the leading cause for 75-90% of fatal/injury-inducing crashes (Craye et al. 2015, Stanton and Salmon 2009, Medina et al. 2004, Lal and Craig 2001). The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimates that about 20% of all crashes are fatigue-related (Strohl et al. 1998) and 60% of fatal truck crashes can be attributed to the driver falling asleep while driving (Craye et al. 2015). Drowsy driving increases crash risk by 600% over normal driving (Klauer et al. 2006). For many years, a succinct definition of fatigue has been sought after (Aaronson et al. 1999). In our estimation, there is no simple and standard definition for fatigue. For example, our statement above: Fatigue in the workplace is often described as a multidimensional process, which results in a diminishing of worker performance, while true, is not sufficient to describe fatigue, since there are many other conditions that may result in a diminished workers performance (e.g., motivation). Perhaps, more importantly, there are several other factors that impact our ability to determine one standard definition: Workplace fatigue development mechanisms differ significantly according to the occupation type. For example, in manufacturing, the focus is typically on physical/muscle fatigue or related to the shift schedule, and in transportation drowsiness and sleepiness are often the root-causes for driver fatigue. Given the complexity of the human body, a single mechanism unlikely explains fatigue under all conditions, even for a single task and fatigue type (i.e. muscle fatigue) (Weir et al. 2006). No one definition can explain the complex interactions between biological processes, behavior, and psychological phenomena (Aaronson et al. 1999). It is unlikely that a single theory can be used to explain all observations of performance deterioration (Weir et al. 2006). Thus, we cannot provide a single definition of fatigue in this paper. Instead we refer the reader to Yung (2016, p.14) for a summary of multiple example fatigue definitions from various domains. Measuring and Quantifying Fatigue In this section, we divide how fatigue is measured according to cognitive and physical functions respectively. Talk about PVT and reaction time as the main standards for sleep-related fatigue There are several important cognitive characteristics that are typically assed in the context of fatigue. These include: a) arousal, b) alertness/ attention, c) cognitive control, d) motivation, and e) stress. Arousal is commonly measured in transportation safety studies since it aims at assessing sleep deprivation, an important root-cause for trucking crashes (especially at night) (Philip et al. 2005, Strohl et al. 1998). Measures of arousal include heart rate, electrodermal response (EDR), pupil dilation and self-report questionnaires (Yung 2016). Alertness and attention are important in translating sensory and work-related inputs into actionable items. They can be measured using gaze direction, EEG, validated scales, and questionnaires. The third characteristic, cognitive control, has to do with the time taken to process information, and thus, reaction time is perhaps the most commonly used measure for evaluating it. The fourth characteristic is perhaps the hardest to measure sinc e motivation cannot be assessed except through questionnaires and validated scales. Stress can be assessed through a number of measures which include heart rate variability, blood pressure and body postures (Yung 2016). The reader should note that the measures for quantifying mental fatigue include intrusive monitoring systems (e.g. EEG and blood pressure monitoring systems), non-intrusive measures (camera systems to detect gaze direction), and somewhat subjective measures (questionnaires and scales). Table 1 provides a summary of physiological and physical indicators of fatigue. Table 1: Typical Physiological and Physical Indicators of Fatigue Development Measurement Direction of Change with Fatigue Heart rate Increases with physical fatigue Heart rate variability Decreases with mental fatigue (for root-mean square of the successive differences (RMSSD)) Increased Low Frequency / High Frequency (LF/HF) power ratio Electromyography Decrease in mean power frequency Increase in root mean square amplitude Strength Decrease in maximum exertion Tremor Increase in physiological and postural tremor Pupil dilation Increases with mental fatigue and drowsiness Blink rate Increased percentage eyelid closure over the pupil, over time (PERCLOS) Reaction time Increased reaction time and lapses (using psychomotor vigilance task (PVT)) Performance Increase in errors and task completion time Force variability Increase in variability with physical fatigue Subjective assessment Increase in ratings of discomfort and fatigue On the physical side, electromyography is one of the most commonly used evaluation tools for muscle fatigue in a laboratory setting. The gold standard is to detect cellular and metabolic changes through blood sampling techniques (Garde, Hansen, and Jensen 2003). Since these approaches are intrusive, some researchers attempt to detect symptoms of physical fatigue. These symptoms include an impairment in postural control (Davidson, Madigan, and Nussbaum 2004), increased sway (Davidson, Madigan, and Nussbaum 2004), and joint angle variability (Madigan, Davidson, and Nussbaum 2006). Additional symptoms include an increase in exerted force variability (Svendson et al. 2010) and increased tremor (Lippold 1981). Note that these symptoms can be observed through the use of check sheets, visual inspection (manual and/or through cameras), and self-reported questionnaires among other tools. In our estimation, most methods described above are of limited use in practice since they are either invasive (and will be resisted by individuals/unions) or rely on visual inspection performed by an observer. Perhaps, more importantly, each observational and measurement technique also focuses primarily on one main risk factor, such as posture or force, or a combined set of factors but for a repetitive task, such as the NIOSH work practices guide (Waters et al. 1993). This fails to capture the interactive nature of many fatigue precursors as well as the variability of the work performed. In addition, these methods do not take into account the characteristics of the individual, beyond general anthropometric and demographic attributes, such as height and age. One important consideration is that the application of these methods in field studies and practice have also been limited by the question: can we detect if fatigue (or its symptoms) has occurred? Note that this question is binary with a yes/no answer. However, it is well understood that fatigue is a process that occurs as a function of loading, time and exertion and is not an end point. From a safety perspective, a more interesting question is: Can we predict when fatigue will occur for a given worker based on their schedule, environment and job tasks? If this can be done, then fatigue management will progress from a reactive state (equivalent of the personal protective equipment state in traditional hazard control theory) to higher/safer levels of engineering controls, substitution and/or perhaps elimination through modeling and scheduling. The increasing availability of pervasive sensing technologies, including wearable devices, combined with the digitization of health information has the potential to provide the necessary monitoring, recording, and communication of individuals physical and environmental exposures to address this question (Kim and Nussbaum 2012, Vignais et al. 2013). In the following section, we describe some of the research and commercially available products that are used for predicting/monitoring fatigue development. Predicting Fatigue Development Models for fatigue development are not new, but the existing models are often incomplete. Models for predicting/understanding how humans fatigue have received significant attention over the past few decades in the fields of aviation, driving, mining, and professional athletics. In the transportation areas (i.e. aviation and driving), the models originated from efforts to model the underlying relationships between sleep regulation and circadian dynamics (Dinges 2004). Dinges (2004) present a survey of the biomathematical models used in this area. There are also some surveys on driver fatigue detection models, see e.g. Wang et al. (2006). However, based on our interactions with one of the larger trucking companies in the U.S., these models do not offer answers to the following question: Given the massive data collected on each truck that include indirect indicators of fatigue, e.g. lane departures and hard brakes, and individual characteristics of each driver, can we predict how each driver will fatigue for a given assignment, traffic condition and weather profile? With the advent of big data, this is the direction that is needed for fatigue development in the trucking industry. One can make parallels for aviation and military applications. In mining, there are commercially available products that claim to predict fatigue among mine workers. The authors did not have the chance to test these products and thus, we cannot verify/validate these claims. However, if true, this system will be a significant contribution to mining safety. Based on the above discussion, there are several important observations to be made. First, there has not been much independent research verifying the claims made for any commercial products. Thus, practitioners should use them with caution and in tandem with their current safety methods. Second, there have been only limited attempts to perform inter-disciplinary research in fatigue development. Thus, the current approaches are domain-dependent and are often incomplete since they consider only a few precursors. There needs to be a systematic move towards utilizing big data analytics as a mechanism to harness the massive amounts of data that is being captured on our equipment, workers, etc. The research challenge is to ensure that we are asking the right questions prior to considering what the technology can (or cannot) provide. Third, it is somewhat inexplicable that the manufacturing safety community is significantly behind other safety domains. We believe that there is a significant opportunity for both researchers and practitioners in examining how other disciplines are managing fatigue. General Strategies for Fatigue Management and Mitigation There are several somewhat recent publications that detail how to manage physical and/or mental fatigue indicators (Hartley and Commission 2000, Caldwell, Caldwell, and Schmidt 2008, Williamson et al. 2011, Williamson and Friswell 2013). These studies have presented the typical hazard control recommendations, which include administrative and engineering controls that can reduce/mitigate the development of fatigue. Practitioners should also consult the documentation from Transport Canada on Developing and Implementing a Fatigue Risk Management System (https://www.tc.gc.ca/media/documents/ca-standards/14575e.pdf). Typical interventions include: rest (for physical fatigue), sleep (for alertness), modified work-rest schedules, and limits on the cumulative hours worked in a week (or shift changes). While these strategies are effective for population averages/overall, they do not address the weakest link in the workforce (i.e. those most likely to fatigue and/or get injured). We see much w ork needed in this area. Concluding Remarks In this paper, we have provided an overview of some of the current issues in fatigue detection/ management research and practice. Based on our review of the literature, we offer the following advice to safety professionals: Transportation Safety Professionals: There is a significant body of research that highlights the impact of lack of sleep (e.g. from sleep apnea and/or scheduling), night driving, weather (e.g. cloudy or rainy), and work-rest schedules on fatigue development. In general, less sleep, night driving, bad weather and frequent changes in the work-rest schedule are more detrimental to transportation safety. To mitigate these risks, the routing/scheduling can be modified to alleviate some of these precursors. In addition, wearable sensors and on-vehicle systems (e.g. lane departure and hard brake detection sensors) can provide real-time indicators of fatigue development in driving. The data from these sensors can be used through simple dashboards that provide the dispatcher with information on which drivers are at risk. The dispatcher can then force these drivers to rest if fatigued (and sleep in-cabin at a truck stop if necessary) since a short break/nap can help mitigate these effects. Manufacturing Safety Professionals: Fatigue has been shown to be a precursor to risky behaviors and long-term injuries. It is also associated with a diminished performance and, therefore, can result in significant quality problems. Based on our discussion with several safety managers from large automotive companies, we have learned that it is often easier to sell safety projects to upper management when it is combined with quality improvement initiatives. The rationale is simple to management since they can see a return on investment (ROI) on these projects when compared to a softer objective (reducing/eliminating the probability of a safety problem that has not occurred before). In addition, we challenge practitioners to categorize their at-risk populations (e.g. unexperienced workers, obese and/or elder workers, etc.). These workers cannot be modeled by existing ergonomics and safety models that consider an average worker. Thus, a dashboard and sensors that monitor their absenteeis m, quality of their work and/or complaints can be used to trigger appropriate interventions. Mining Safety Researchers: The technology with fatigue monitoring (and more general safety) in mining has evolved significantly over the past decade. There are several commercial products that allow for active monitoring, scheduling, and equipment safety checks. To our knowledge, at least one major equipment manufacturer has released a safety systems suite that incorporates all these data sources to present a clear picture of a workers fatigue and distraction risk. We did not test the validity of these claims and therefore, we ask safety practitioners to ask for system demos and ensure that this particular system meets their needs. A word of caution: fatigue detection systems do not mitigate and/or eliminate fatigue. In addition, we urge safety professionals to embrace the role of technology and its potential to redefine safety from a one system fits all to an individualized approach. For researchers and educators, we believe that there is a sufficient body of literature that suggests that our community is headed to individualized safety models. To develop these models, there needs to be an emphasis on managing large amounts of data, revisiting our old models and ensuring that we can offer data-driven interventions for safety/ergonomics problems. In essence, our field is moving towards individualized models and evidence-based interventions. Acknowledgments This research was partially supported by the American Society for Safety Engineers (ASSE) Foundation grant titled ASSIST: Advancing Safety Surveillance using Individualized Sensor Technology. Bibliography 2015a. Crash Stats: Early Estimate of Motor Vehicle Traffic Fatalities in 2014. edited by U.S. Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Adminstration. Washington, DC: NHTSAs National Center for Statistics and Analysis. 2015b. Large Trucks: 2013 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. DOT HS 812 150). National Center for Statistics and Analysis, accessed 06/01. http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/812150.pdf. Aaronson, Lauren S, Cynthia S Teel, Virginia Cassmeyer, Geri B Neuberger, Leonie Pallikkathayil, Janet Pierce, Allan N Press, Phoebe D Williams, and Anita Wingate. 1999. Defining and measuring fatigue. Image: the journal of nursing scholarship 31 (1):45-50. Balkin, Thomas J., William J. Horrey, R. Curtis Graeber, Charles A. Czeisler, and David F. Dinges. 2011. The challenges and opportunities of technological approaches to fatigue management. Accident Analysis Prevention 43 (2):565-572. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.12.006. Barker, L. M., and M. A. Nussbaum. 2011. The effects of fatigue on performance in simulated nursing work. Ergonomics 54 (9):815-29. doi: 10.1080/00140139.2011.597878. Bjà ¶rklund, Martin, Albert G Crenshaw, Mats Djupsjà ¶backa, and Hà ¥kan Johansson. 2000. 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Hanowski. 2004. Relationship between Infrastructure, Driver Error, and Critical Incidents. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 48 (16):2075-2079. doi: 10.1177/154193120404801661. Philip, Pierre, Patricia Sagaspe, Nicholas Moore, Jacques Taillard, Andrà © Charles, Christian Guilleminault, and Bernard Bioulac. 2005. Fatigue, sleep restriction and driving performance. Accident Analysis Prevention 37 (3):473-478. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2004.07.007. Stanton, Neville A., and Paul M. Salmon. 2009. Human error taxonomies applied to driving: A generic driver error taxonomy and its implications for intelligent transport systems. Safety Science 47 (2):227-237. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2008.03.006. Strohl, KP, SL Merritt, J Blatt, AI Pack, F Council, and S Rogus. 1998. Drowsy driving and automobile crashes. nccdr/nhtsa expert panel on driver fatigue and sleepiness. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, accessed 01/25. http://www.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/drowsy_driving1/Drowsy.html. Vignais, Nicolas, Markus Miezal, Gabriele Bleser, Katharina Mura, Dominic Gorecky, and Frà ©dà ©ric Marin. 2013. Innovative system for real-time ergonomic feedback in industrial manufacturing. Applied Ergonomics 44 (4):566-574. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2012.11.008. Visser, Bart, and Jaap H. van Dieà «n. 2006. Pathophysiology of upper extremity muscle disorders. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 16 (1):1-16. doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.06.005. Wang, Qiong, Jingyu Yang, Mingwu Ren, and Yujie Zheng. 2006. Driver fatigue detection: a survey. WCICA 2006: The Sixth World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation, Dalian, China. Waters, Thomas R., Vern Putz-Anderson, Arun Garg, and Lawrence J. Fine. 1993. Revised NIOSH equation for the design and evaluation of manual lifting tasks. Ergonomics 36 (7):749 776. Weir, JP, TW Beck, JT Cramer, and TJ Housh. 2006. Is fatigue all in your head? A critical review of the central governor model. British journal of sports medicine 40 (7):573-586. Williamson, Ann, and Rena Friswell. 2013. Fatigue in the workplace: causes and countermeasures. Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health Behavior 1 (1-2):81-98. doi: 10.1080/21641846.2012.744581. Williamson, Ann, David A. Lombardi, Simon Folkard, Jane Stutts, Theodore K. Courtney, and Jennie L. Connor. 2011. The link between fatigue and safety. Accident Analysis Prevention 43 (2):498-515. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.11.011. Yung, Marcus. 2016. Fatigue at the Workplace: Measurement and Temporal Development. PhD, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo.