Under what circumstances might short term interest rates lose their Essay

Under what conditions may momentary loan costs lose their power as an instrument of strategy control by focal bank..........FULL TITLE BELOW - Essay Example One such natural issue which weakens the adequacy of financing costs as a feasible fiscal approach instrument is a liquidity trap circumstance. Liquidity trap is a circumstance when the pace of intrigue falls too low to ever be utilized as a financial strategy apparatus. It is a circumstance when the ostensible pace of intrigue turns out to be so near zero with the goal that the genuine pace of intrigue could nearly be considered as immaterial. The lower the pace of premium is higher is the measure of total venture expected to be; however the issue in this occasion is that business banks don't have abundant assets to loan out to the financial specialists. Henceforth, there are little odds of any incitement in the total degree of venture thus of that of the total yield in the economy. For the most part, the requirement for bringing down the pace of intrigue emerges when the country being referred to is in a dire need of monetary incitement. In any case, if the ostensible pace of intrigue is as of now bound to zero and there is basically no room left for additional deterioration, the multiplicative effect of an expansionary fi scal approach goes futile (Rabin, 2004). The LM bend graph being delineated here shows that till the moment that the pace of intrigue waits above Rt, there are potential outcomes of the pace of enthusiasm being utilized as a successful expansionary money related strategy measure. Be that as it may, at Rt, when the state of the LM bend turns out to be practically flat, changes in total interest for cash from Ma to Mb and the other way around, has no mushrooming sway by any stretch of the imagination. Consequently, in such a circumstance, the animating intensity of pace of intrigue turns out to be right around zero. Obviously, the economy needs to depend upon different measures to fortify the money related condition in the economy and furthermore start a few stages to restore the restorative influence of the pace of premium. Thus, except if there is a fall in the pace of enthusiasm there are little odds of a gratefulness in the total yield level in the current time frame and

Chronicle Of Death Foretold, Marquez

Annal Of Death Foretold, Marquez In each general public, there exist authority figures that are viewed by their kin to give a fortification of security and initiative. A capable pioneer is one who holds enthusiasm for the government assistance of his kin before his own. He worries about safeguarding equity as opposed to his status and individual interests. Rather than these perfect are the position figures depicted in Gabriel Garcia Marquezs Chronicle of a Death Foretold and Albert Camus The Stranger. With social orders continually looking to power figures for direction, Marquez and Camus both use the artistic gadgets of parody and incongruity to portray habits in the activities of the pioneers and to scrutinize their antagonistic effect on the individuals. Inside the novel, Chronicle of Death Foretold, Marquez explicitly utilizes situational incongruity and parody of the lawful framework to depict the insufficient jobs of the societys pioneers. Marquez initiates his novel by outlining the townspeople participating in a careful groundwork for the yearly appearance of the diocesan. The whole town foresees for his appearance, with a bounty of presents blessings and creatures. Unexpectedly, be that as it may, the minister displays a lot of lack of care toward the individuals in this town. The creator shows the location of the gift as a momentary deception with the diocesan creation the indication of the cross noticeable all around inverse the group on the pier㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ doing it precisely [and] without malevolence or motivation. (Marquez, 17). It is evident the diocesan essentially experienced the necessary movements required to shape this physical demonstration, indicating negligible or if any-commitment. As the most noteworthy pione er of the congregation, many would concur that it is Bishops duty to maintain the natural estimations of his confidence lessons. Absolution, acknowledgment, and love are for the most part ordinarily acknowledged Christian qualities. In any case, ironicly the priests favoring totally negates such Christian beliefs. The ministers demeanor toward his own kin shows little acknowledgment or strict commitment. Through the creators depiction of this automatic activity, the cleric is depicted as an impartial and detached character. This exceptionally detached nature unmistakably uncovered his profound faã §ade. Like a kid surrendered by the guardians, this general public is left absent a lot of structure or direction. Without this principled direction, the general public will in the long run come to mirror its pioneer. In this manner, it isn't astounding how social detachment comes to be one of the essential divers behind the passing of Santiago Nasar. Besides, Marquez viably utilizes the utilization of parody on the legitimate framework to additionally evoke the imprudences of power figures. During the preliminary of Santiagos killers, the Vicario Twins, the storyteller relates, The legal counselor remained by the proposal of manslaughter in real guard of respect, which was maintained by the court in accordance with some basic honesty (48). Here, the lawful framework is unmistakably mocked as the two siblings are discovered blameless at their preliminary, notwithstanding submitting a flagitious homicide. Lawful specialists inside the official courtroom are viewed to lead preliminaries in a goal and objective way. Nonetheless, this isn't the situation with the preliminary. The courts perspective on reality has gotten polluted by the high qualities and worship that has been set upon custom and respect. Marquez scrutinizes how authority figures from the court puts more accentuation on protecting cultural qualities, for example, respect over guarding the conceivable bla melessness of a man. Thusly, individuals of the town come to affirm a wrongdoing, for example, murder on the off chance that it in is the name of respect since that is what is being approved in the official courtroom. Like the way Marquez uncovered the imprudence in the activities of the legitimate specialists, Camus portrayal in The Stranger likewise uncovered habits in the activities of the officer and judge as observed through the parody on religion and the utilization of verbal incongruity. In a specific occurrence during one of the meetings, the judge starts imparting to Meursault about his confidence in God. He at that point starts waving his cross straightforwardly over [Meursaults] head, (Camus, 68) with expectations of inducing a feeling of contrition in Meursault. In any case, when it is obvious that Meursault is as yet unaffected, the justice gets incensed and pushes the cross in [Meursaults] face and was shouting nonsensically (69). Through such a response, it is apparent how the sane faã §ade of the judge can without much of a stretch be broken simply like the profound faã §ade of the cleric in Chronicle of a Death Foretold. Similarly, similarly as how Marquez causes to notice the m inisters childishness, Camus likewise adequately offers route to the narrow minded nature of the officer. Rather than inquisitive Meursault about his intentions or explanations behind his wrongdoing like any apportion and honorable lawful authority ought to do, the judge endeavors to affirm his confidence onto others. However, even his goals to do so are imperfect, in light of the fact that simply like the religious administrator, the officer doesn't embody or show any evident Christian qualities. He employs the cross as a wellspring of intensity, anticipating that each criminal should sob at its sight as they have all done before. In doing as such, the officer uses the cross as an approach to console himself on reality of his convictions, not to bring others near the confidence. This sign of the officers narrow minded wants embodies how religion is parodied in Camus work. Through the activities of the officer, Camus shows how society abuses confidence as a guard to abstain from ass uming liability for their lives. Rather than utilizing strict confidence to discover internal harmony, the individuals in the general public are educated by power figures, similar to the officer, to utilize religion for personal circumstance. Later on in the novel, Camus utilizes verbal incongruity to pass on the indiscretions of one more legitimate power, the appointed authority. Directly before the beginning of Meursaults preliminary, he states, According to [the judge], he was there to lead in an unbiased way the procedures of a case which he would consider impartially and that the case will be taken care of in the soul of equity (86). The very truth that judge promised to been altogether unprejudiced is profoundly inconceivable, particularly with a case concerning a homicide. The habit to look at here is the way that everybody has their own partialities which, irrefutably incorporates the appointed authority. In The Stranger, it is evident with respect to how Meursaults mistrust in God and his lack of interest to the world profoundly upsets society. Society, in any case, can't deal with to have outsiders or pariahs who live by different standards. It requests compliance, and nothing less. At long last, Meursault is sentenced to a severe destiny not on account of the wrongdoing he submitted, however the way that he can't submit to such cultural desires. Meursaults destiny has just been resolved even before the preliminary starts. Nothing about his preliminary is seen, contended about, or decided in impartial articulation. Accordingly, his sentence won't spare him any equity either, accentuating the incongruity in the expressions of the appointed authority. Generally, the appointed authority is absent to control equity however to pulverize those outside of the acknowledged congruity. Camus utilizes this reality to scrutinize how society has the tendency to keep the assumed worth norms gave by higher specialists.

Presidential Inauguration on the Columbia Campus COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Presidential Inauguration on the Columbia Campus COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog A crowd of several thousand students, staff, and administrators gathered in the center of campus on Tuesday for the inauguration of Columbia College alumnus Barack Obama on a jumbo tron television screen.   President Bollinger welcomed the crowd prior to the event and extended an invitation to everyone in the audience to join he and his wife at their home following the event. The temperature was a cool but you would not have known it by the looks on the faces of those in the crowd.   There was definitely an air of excitement and it is an event I will never forget.   A slide show of the event is available on the ColumbiaNews Web site.

The Historical Context Of Nursing - 1832 Words

Nursing was not always seen as a profession, therefore it is important to explore what a profession is and its historical context related to nursing. Turkoski (1995) states that profession is a social construct that was determined by a male worldview; only men were allowed to have professions. Over time the concept of profession has moved beyond the gender divide and established a set of criteria that are non-gender specific. RNABC (as cited in Northrup et al, 2004) listed attributes that explained how nurses were a profession. These attributes are, responsibility and accountability to the public, have own body of knowledge, bound by a code ethics, provide a service to the public and is self-regulating. However, education is missing from the RNABC standards of professional development, according the Merriam-Websters dictionary (2015) a profession is, â€Å"a type of job that requires special education, training or skill and requires specialized knowledge.† Bluhm (2014) adds th at it is the specialized training that allows someone to be called a nurse. Ten Hoeve, Jansen and Roodbol (2014) agree that education and development of knowledge is the reason why nursing was raised to the professional status. It is this knowledge development that has helped shaped what nursing is today, and has allowed nurses to share a common worldview. Worldviews (paradigms) â€Å"frame global assumptions for vocabulary, theories and principles to direct the development of ideas for a domain† (Duff, 2011Show MoreRelatedHISTORICAL CONTEXT OF NURSING5706 Words   |  23 PagesHISTORICAL CONTEXT OF NURSING When exploring the pages of history, it becomes apparent that nursing has always existed—and has primarily functioned—within a framework of human caring. This legacy of human caring dates back to biblical times and has been integrated into every facet of nursing. This content will discuss an overview of the historical evolution of nursing and nurse leaders that have shaped its current status. PREHISTORIC PERIOD Nursing in the prehistoric period was delineatedRead MoreNursing in the Classroom1608 Words   |  6 Pagesmaterial on the history of nursing in the world, the Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing is uniquely situated to create research and scholarship that will position nursing history as central to debates about health policy and practice. The Center provides a broad array of educational opportunities across the School and University, nation and the world. Center faculty members are known for their mentorship and are highly sought after as history of nursing and health policy consultantsRead MoreSummary and Critique of The Timelessness of Nursing Theory1302 Words   |  5 PagesAnnotated Bibliography of Two Nursing Articles Summary and critique of The timelessness of nursing theory by Sandra Schmidt Bunkers. This article by Bunkers examines the ways in which nursing theory as articulated by Florence Nightingale and supported by Rosemarie Parses theoretical modeling can be understood as being timeless and to what extent it should be considered as rooted in a particular historical moment and cultural context. Bunkers draws on both her academic and professional expertiseRead MoreHistorical Timeline of Nursing Theorists Essay1136 Words   |  5 PagesRUNNING HEAD: Historical Development of Nursing Timeline 1 Historical Development of Nursing Timeline Jill Dawson, BSN, RN, IBCLC NUR/513 May 7, 2012 Kynthia James Historical Development of Nursing 2 The historical development of nursing has transformed over the years since the beginning writings of Florence Nightingale originating in 1859. Although she did not publish her work as nursing theory, Nightingale’s Notes on Nursing is presented as the first nursing theory andRead MoreApplying Anthropology to Nursing Essay1130 Words   |  5 PagesApplying Anthropology to Nursing Medical Anthropology is dedicated to the relationship between human behavior, social life, and health within an anthropological context. It provides a forum for inquiring into how knowledge, meaning, livelihood, power, and resource distribution are shaped and how, in turn, these observable facts go on to shape patterns of disease, experiences of health and illness, and the organization of treatments. It focuses on many different topics including the politicalRead MoreClinical Nursing Practice in the 21st Century Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pagestypically a short summary of the contents of the document.] | In a world where there is constant change, and individuals are constantly attempting to adapt and cope with these changes, the human experiences and responses to this process is central to nursing interest, (Meleis, 2012). Today’s global health problems in addition to the politically volatile health care system, and the rising cost of health care seem insurmountable. As nurses, is it our responsibility to address these issues that confrontRead MoreNursing Professional Identity Essay1693 Words   |  7 Pagesthe impact of historical development of nursing on contemporary representations of the nursing profession. It examines the professional identity of nursing and further discusses the contribution of modern nursing, social, cultural and political factors that influences the professional identity of a nurse. The essay also looks into the professional regulations and the role of the nurse’s and midwifery Council (NMC) in the protection of the public. Finally, this ess ay will discuss nursing education, theRead MoreThe Concepts And Strengths Of Maslow s Theory823 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough culturally competent care are described below (Masters, 2011): i) Care is a central focus and an integral part of nursing ii) Caring is essential for health and well-being, healing, growth, survival, and also for facing illness or death iii) Culturally based care is a broad holistic perspective to guide nursing care practices iv) The main purpose of the transcultural nursing is to serve human beings v) There can be no curing without the giving and receiving of culturally based care vi) CultureRead MoreCulturally Competant Care to Native American1113 Words   |  5 PagesProviding Culturally Competent Care to a Native American Patient Fundamentals amp; Medical Surgical Nursing April 13, 2012 Providing Culturally Competent Care to a Native American Patient Introduction When caring for a Native American patient, it is imperative that the nurse provide culturally competent care. In this scenario, there are two main dimensions along which cultural tensions between the patient and the nurse can arise. The first pertains to the actual practices and valuesRead MoreThe Historical Development of Nursing1308 Words   |  6 PagesThe Historical Development of Nursing Timeline University of Phoenix Theoretical Foundations of Practice NUR/513 Alexandra Winter December 7, 2013 The Historical Development of Nursing Timeline The nursing profession continues to develop and transform in practice and roles mostly due to the development of nursing models and theories that promote evidence based practice. Nursing remains a profession of caring and service. The pioneers of this profession revolutionized this career and have

The Road By Cormac Mccarthy - 896 Words

In Cormac McCarthy’s novel The Road, it is very important to both the man and the boy to distinguish between good and bad people. In this post-apocalyptic world, it is very difficult to survive while continuing to remain a good person. The importance of the separation of good and bad people is shown through a possible theme, the conflict between good and evil. It’s also shown through and example of symbolism, the fire that the boy says they must continue to carry. Finally, dark imagery shows that it is difficult for the man and the boy to remain the good guys. With these three literary elements, McCarthy shows that it is important to the man and the boy to keep a distinction between good and bad people so that they can keep hope in their world. Throughout The Road, it is very important to both the man and to the boy to distinguish between good and bad people. This idea is supported by one of the main themes of the novel, the conflict between good and evil. Throughout the book, the boy is looking for confirmation that himself and his father are the â€Å"good guys†. The boy is also looking to confirm that the bad guys are those who are out to hurt them. The boy is intent on knowing this, as the division between the good and the bad people in this post-apocalyptic world is not always clear. For instance, near the beginning of the novel, the man and the boy encounter a group of people on the road. Worried about the boy’s safety, the man shoots one man who found them in the forest.Show MoreRelatedThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy1531 Words   |  7 Pagesof punishment that anyone could be faced with. Cormac McCarthy shows the reaction isolation had on the characters in The Road. The Road, by Cormac McCarthy, follows an unnamed father and son as they travel towards the coast in search of safety after the world has been destroyed by a catastrophe. As they travel the road, the father has to protect his son from the threat of strangers, starvation, exposure and harsh weather. In The Road, Cormac McCarthy shows how humans react to isolation by when theRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy1009 Words   |  5 PagesL’Heureux II, John Lang and Lit Year 2 2/10/2017 Written Task 2 Title of the text for analysis: The Road by Cormac McCarthy,2006 Part of the course to which the task refers: Part 4- Literature, a critical study Prescribed question: How does the text conform to, or deviate from, the conventions of a particular genre, and for what purpose? My critical response will: ââ€"  Show how the text conforms to the post-apocalyptic genre. ââ€"  Show how resources, including basics such as food and water, are a scarcityRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy1584 Words   |  7 Pagestime can be unbearable if one is stripped of the most basic necessities. Such an event can greatly affect the behaviour of a person, as well as the ability to distinguish right from wrong. But like the boy and his father in the novel The Road by Cormac McCarthy they stuck to their morals to overcome the hardships they face. The novels recurring themes such as companionship, survival, and good versus evil, prove that a persons moral standards could change in a time of need. Companionship plays anRead MoreThe Road by Cormac McCarthy1708 Words   |  7 PagesThe Road by Cormac McCarthy is set in an apocalyptic world filled with hopelessness, mental fatigue, and few instances of happiness. Throughout the story, the man and the boy are looking for hope in anything and everything. Unfortunately every turn they take they continue to fall further into despair until they find a Coca-Cola. This soda has a unique meaning to the boy and the man. The Coca-Cola in Cormac McCarthy’s The Road symbolizes the world’s regression and gives hope to the man and boy byRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy2405 Words   |  10 PagesNovember 26, 2016 The Road by Cormac McCarthy and its View of Parental Love and Hope in a Post-Apocalyptic World The boy s father tells him My job is to take care of you. I was appointed to do that by God. I will kill anyone who touches you. Do you understand? (McCarthy The Road) this sends such a powerful message about instinct, hope, and paternal love. These words so passionately from the lips of the father perfectly describes Cormac McCarthy s story of The Road and the power a father sRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy968 Words   |  4 Pagescompassion in the toughest of situations, and leads us toward paths of peace. In this essay, examples will be drawn from Zak Ibrahim s keynote presentation, The Road by Cormac McCarthy, Beautiful Boy; a film directed by Shawn Ku, and Harrison Bergeron by Kurt Vonnegut. The loss of a loved one can help us find compassion. In The Road by Cormac McCarthy, the boy is the most compassionate person in the whole novel. At the end of the novel, when the boy s father dies, the boy is not thinking about hisselfRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy1310 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å" The Road† written by Cormac McCarthy is a novel which uses a large variety of different language features to shape the reader s reaction and leading the readers into thinking the idea that our current world really is fallible.â€Å"The road† is about a strong loving relationship between the father and son. Which is shown on every page of the novel. They are fighting for survival in this apocalyptic world of humanity which is heading to an end. For anyone realising that our world is fallible is quiteRead MoreThe Road by Cormac McCarthy1281 Words   |  5 PagesTitle of the Work: The Road Author: Cormac McCarthy Date of Publication: September 26, 2006 (September 26, 2006) Genre: Novel Historical information about the Setting: The novel takes place in the Southeastern part of United States. The characters take a journey, passing Texas, the post-apocalyptic landscape. During this time the novel is taken place, the country was experiencing depression and poverty. When McCarthy was writing this book, he was thinking about the future environment ofRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy2062 Words   |  9 PagesReid Norberg Period 3 3/18/16 2016 AP Lodestar 1. Title: The Road Author: Cormac McCarthy Date of Publication: 2006 Genre: Post- apocalyptic fiction 2. The Road is a novel written by American author Cormac McCarthy. Although born in the North East, McCarthy was driven to the South West later in his life where he has since based most of his novels, including The Road. The Road tells a story of a man and his son in post apocalyptic America where the weather is winter-like and the ground isRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy1205 Words   |  5 PagesThe Road by Cormac McCarthy a recurring theme in the story is gaining or losing hope. Throughout this story there are numerous instances and events that occur in which all seems lost at a dead end, but in those moment hope carries through and thrives. In this dystopian post apocalyptic world the man and boy are fighting to stay alive while keeping their humanity as well as searching for what humanity is left in this kill or be killed cannibalistic planet. As their time journeying down the road increases

My Bedroom Free Essays

Homework, music, and tranquility are three things that come to my mind whenever I think of my bedroom. It’s a special place that’s important to me and holds many memories, even though other people may not see it that way. This is a place where I spend most of my day to relax and forget about the problems of everyday life. We will write a custom essay sample on My Bedroom or any similar topic only for you Order Now My bedroom is like a sanctuary to me because it’s quiet and peaceful like a walk through misty woods in the early morning hours. It’s somewhere I look forward to going when the â€Å"ordinary day at school† is done. The first thing I see when I walk into my bedroom is my clothes dresser. It’s a cherry wood color, and is furnished with a stereo, small ceramic statues, a small white lamp, and a 3-dimensional wood carving of my first name. These items hold some level of significance to me in that they were given to me by people I care about. The next thing I notice is the two display shelves that are positioned directly above my dresser and are of the same cherry wood tone. These hold the memories of friends and loved ones in the form of pictures, seashells, and small trinkets. On the right and left sides of these two shelves hang two pictures: one of my family during the Christmas of 2009, and the other of three angels flying carelessly through Heaven’s beachside paradise. Another item that stands amongst everything else in my bedroom is my bulletin board. Here, important events and notes are kept within reach whenever they may be needed for future reference. How to cite My Bedroom, Papers

Commonwealth vs Amann Pty Ltd †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Commonwealth vs Amann Pty Ltd. Answer: Introduction: Amann Aviation Pvt. Ltd. was a company which signed a contract with the Commonwealth of Australia for the purpose of providing in-flight coastal surveillance for the next three years. It was mentioned in the contract that if the company will fail to perform as desired and in compliance with the conditions mentioned in the contract, the Commonwealth will have the power to provide a notice to the Amann Aviation to explain the reason behind its failure and to provide a reason to the Commonwealth and Management not to cancel the contract with the aviation company. In order to fulfill the contract, Amann aviation did a lot of expenditure and purchased aircraft also for this purpose(Swarb, 2015). Despite giving a good start to the work under contract, Amann aviation did not have sufficient number of aircrafts in order to fulfill the contract. When the time to fulfill the contract and to initiate the performance came, it was analyzed that Amann aviation was not in a condition to fulfill obligations relevant to the contract because of certain deficiencies in the aircraft. Due to this reason, the Commonwealth served a notice to the company to show cause behind its non-compliance with the contract. The allegation of Amann aviation was that the show-cause notice served by the Commonwealth was the denial of the contract and on this basis, Amann aviation terminated the contract with the commonwealth. The company sued Commonwealth for wrongful termination of the contract and required damages caused due to breach of contract done by Commonwealth with the company as Amann aviation had done a lot of expenditure in preparing aircraft for the fulfillment of the contract. Thus, for the purpose of legal issues, Amann aviation was the Plaintiff and Commonwealth was the Defendant(AustLII, 1991). Issues and Relevant law The courts are required to follow certain rules and regulations while awarding for the purpose of damages. In case of awarding damages for the purpose of a breach, which is also known as un-liquidated damages, the court considers various aspects. One of which is Compensation principle according to which, the court has to compensate the aggrieved party in such a manner so as to put it in the same position as it would be in the situation when no breach had occurred. For this purpose, there are three ways which are followed by the court i.e. expectation damages, reliance damages and loss of damages. In providing expectation damages, the court considers the benefit which has been received by the aggrieved party in case of fulfillment of the contract(Waugh, 2017). Thus, the compensation awarded in this case is the total sum which would have been received by the aggrieved party for which the contract was made. In case of considering reliance damages to be paid, the court assesses the damages on the basis of the costs suffered by the aggrieved party because an assessment of actual loss to the aggrieved party is impossible. In this condition, a court considers 'Loss of chance' as a form of compensation through which worthiness of the chance if provided to the aggrieved party to fulfill the contract is evaluated. It can also be done even in the conditions if the chance provided was based on the contingent conditions and are difficult to be assessed(Legal vision, 2015). It becomes the duty of the court in such a case to compensate the aggrieved party for the loss at least up to the extent that it has suffered in the preparation of the contract. Damages for the purpose of loss of chance is awarded when a contract is breached due to which the aggrieved party might have lost a beneficial opportunity. In this situation, the plaintiff is compensated for the purpose of losing an opportunity to achieve benefits which have monetary value and the assessment of the damages is also not possible. If the opportunity was based on contingent conditions management, then also, the plaintiff should be compensated for the damages incurred due to lost opportunities(Australian Contract Law, 2013). Arguments of the Parties and Analysis Amann aviation had appealed to the Full Court of the Federal Court that the company was entitled to receive higher compensation than that was awarded by the Federal Court and should not be provided only with one- half of the costs of damages caused due to wasted expenditure. On the other hand Commonwealth cross-appealed on the basis that judgment should be in its favor and if it is not possible, the compensation awarded to the company should be nominal only(Richardson Hadfield, 1999). It was stated that in a situation, where the aggrieved party has done a lot of expenditure for the purpose of fulfillment of the contract or for accomplishment of the desired performance, however, it is impossible to assess the value of the benefits which would have been received by the aggrieved party on the accomplishment of the performance by the defendant in accordance with the contract, it can be taken into the consideration of the justice that the aggrieved party should rely on an assumption that the worth of benefits received by the aggrieved party should at least be equal to the total loss which has been suffered by the aggrieved party or plaintiff in performing and taking the most possible actions which would have been practically essential for the procurement and performance of the contract(Winterton, 2017). The assumption of the damages to be compensated enables the recovery by the plaintiff which is in general, known as 'reliance damages', i.e. the damages equal to the lo ss of expenditure which has been rationally acquired on the basis of the assumption that the contractual assurance of the defendant would be honored. The presumption will be disproved if it is established that the plaintiff would not have derived any kind of financial benefits or other benefits through the performance of contract or any kind of financial or other kinds of benefits through future performances and would not have been sufficiently in value to compensate the expenditure done by the plaintiff. Moreover, even in a situation, in which it is established that the plaintiff would have acquired a loss, if the contract had been performed completely, reliance damages can be recovered with respect to the wasted expenditure to such an extent that the net expenditure incurred in past goes beyond the actual loss given, that to such an extent, the expenditure would have been recovered if the breach of contract had not taken place(Kuklik, 2016). The foundation of an award considering reliance damages is essential as a reaction to the denial or breach of contract, specifically to bring the plaintiff in the same situation with regard to the damages as if the denial or breach had not occurred within the contract. In the case of Commonwealth of Australia v Amann Aviation Pvt. Ltd (1991), Judges Chief Justice Mason CJ and Judge Dawson explained that the award of damages for the breach of contract defends the expectations of the plaintiff in case of receiving the benefits through the performance of the defendant and that expectation arises out and is created by the contract. Therefore, damages for the purpose of breach of contract are known as 'expectation damages'. Generally, during the regular business transactions, a party which supplies certain goods or services enters into a contract in order to gain profits(Mitchell Voon, 2000). Thus, expectation damages Management are usually expressed as the damages caused due to loss of profits. Judges pointed out that if the performance of a contract would have resulted in favor of the Plaintiff, while it does not provide profit, even then the recovering costs incurred due to the actions taken in the course of performing contractual obligations, the P laintiff would be entitled to recuperate the damages in a similar manner and up to the amount equal to the profits that would have been gained if the contract had been performed in a usual manner. In the conditions, in which it is not possible for the Plaintiff or the aggrieved party to exhibit that to what extent had the performance of the contract would have provided the profit to the Plaintiff, it will depend upon the Plaintiff to recover the expenditure incurred and the damages in such a case are known as reliance damages or damages caused due to the expenditure which was of no use after the breach of contract(Finnane, 2013). In this case, the respondents had signed a contract with the defendants i.e. Commonwealth to provide them with the air surveillance for three years. The Commonwealth wrongfully rebutted the contract for which Amann aviation sued it to compensate for the damages. Amann aviation was permissible to recover the damages which were assessed by mentioning its expenditure which was done on the project and later on wasted i.e. also known as reliance loss. However, it was analyzed that there was an opportunity with the Commonwealth to cancel the contract on the basis of available resources with the Amann aviation prior to the initiation of the preparation but the contract was rebutted long after the preparation started. The trial judges assessed the opportunity of the occurrence to be as 50% and reduced the amount of the compensation to be granted to Amman in accordance with the damages incurred by the company. However, the decision of the majority judges of the Full Court of the Federal Court concluded that there was only a 20% chance of cancellation of the contract as a result of which, Amann aviation should receive 80% of the compensation for the damages caused to waste of the expenditure done by the company for the fulfillment of the contract. The decision of the Full Court was confirmed on appeal to the High Court as well. Conclusion The decision of the judges was that reliance damages are a rough calculation of the expectation benefits. Reliance damages were considered by the court in this case because appropriate expected benefit was impossible to be assessed in this case. However, the trial judge had given a decision in favor of Amann aviation but the compensation assigned was fairly low due to which Amann appealed to the higher courts. Judge Beaumont of Federal Court delivered judgment in favor of Amann aviation and ordered the Commonwealth to pay one- half of the costs incurred by the company as the actual damage assessed by the court was $410,000. The judgment of the Full Court was also in favor of the Amann aviation and ordered the Commonwealth to pay the company a sum of $600,207 and to pay 90% of the costs incurred by Amann aviation of the proceedings in the trial court. It was affirmed by the court that in the case where a plaintiff has laid himself open to the expenditure either for fulfilling the contract or to accomplish its performance, however, it has become impossible or complicated to establish the assessment of benefits which has been received by the plaintiff would in case of performance of contract with the defendant, considerations regarding the justice state that the plaintiff might presume the value of those benefits should at least be equal to the total loss which has been or would have been incurred by the plaintiff in performing the duties which were reasonably essential for the purpose of acquiring and performing the contract. It can be explained in a manner that it is secured to presume that the expected benefit should at least cover all the expenses incurred by the aggrieved party in the preparations to fulfill the requirements of the contract. Therefore, at last, the decision was in favor of Amann aviation and the company was awarded the compensation of much higher amount as desired by the company. The appeal by the Commonwealth against the decision and the amount charged upon was dismissed. The decision of the court was on the basis of reliance damages because it was impossible to quantify a number of benefits which would have been achieved by Amman if the contract would have been continued in its original form. References AustLII, 1991. Commonwealth v Amann Aviation Pty Ltd [1991] HCA 54; (1992) 174 CLR 64 (12 December 1991). [Online] Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/cases/cth/HCA/1991/54.html?stem=0synonyms=0query=title(commonwealth%20and%20amann%20aviation%20) [Accessed 26 April 2017]. Australian Contract Law, 2013. Commonwealth v Amann Pty Ltd. [Online] Available at: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases/amann.html [Accessed 26 April 2017]. Finnane, E., 2013. Remedies, s.l.: Young Lawyers NSW. Kuklik, A., 2016. LAW OF CONTRACT. [Online] Available at: https://sydney.edu.au/lec/subjects/contracts/Winter%202016/LEC%20-%202016%20-%20Contract%20-%20Lecture%2011.pdf [Accessed 26 April 2017]. Legal vision, 2015. How do I calculate damages for breach of contract?. [Online] Available at: https://legalvision.com.au/how-do-i-calculate-damages-for-breach-of-contract/ [Accessed 26 August 2017]. Mitchell, A. D. Voon, T., 2000. Legal Research Manual. s.l.:LBC Information Services. Richardson, M. Hadfield, G. K., 1999. The Second Wave of Law and Economics. s.l.:Federation Press. Swarb, 2015. Commonwealth Of Australia V Amann Aviation Pty Ltd; HCA 12 DEC 1991. [Online] Available at: https://swarb.co.uk/commonwealth-of-australia-v-amann-aviation-pty-ltd-hca-12-dec-1991/ [Accessed 26 April 2017]. Waugh, G., 2017. Damages for Breach of Contract. [Online] Available at: https://dy1k0r3mpgvj5.cloudfront.net/files/COL/09166%20Damages%20-%20Waugh.pdf [Accessed 26 April 2017]. Winterton, D., 2017. Twenty five years on: re-examining Commonwealth v Amann Aviation Pty Ltd and the problem of pre-contractual expenditure. [Online] Available at: https://www.contracts.law.unsw.edu.au/node/76 [Accessed 26 April 2017].